公正世界信念与大学生社会责任感的关系:人际信任的解释作用及其性别差异

社会责任感是大学生学业成就和幸福生活等积极心理与行为的有效预测指标,考察社会责任感的影响因素及其作用机制有助于大学生社会责任感的培养与提升。为此,本研究以6所高校852名大学生为被试,考察了公正世界信念与大学生社会责任感之间的关系,以及人际信任对二者关系的中介作用及其性别差异。结果发现：（1）公正世界信念可以显著正向预测大学生的社会责任感;（2）人际信任在公正世界信念与大学生社会责任感之间发挥着部分中介作用,但是主要表现在男大学生群体中,而女大学生中未发现该效应。这说明,公正世界信念可以显著预测大学生社会责任感,并且在男大学生中人际信任是二者关系的中介桥梁。     

Belief in a just world and organisational loyalty: Trust as an underlying mechanism

This research examined whether employees' personal belief in a just world (BJW) is associated with their organisational loyalty and whether this relationship is statistically mediated by organisational trust. To test these hypotheses, we conducted two studies with employees from China (study 1, N = 314) and Germany (study 2, N = 189). The results from both studies supported the proposed model. In addition, study 2 revealed that the relationship between BJW and organisational loyalty persisted when controlling for global personality traits. These suggest that managers and organisations may increase employees' loyalty by providing an environment that fosters their sense of justice and trust.     

Catching the liar as a matter of justice: Effects of belief in a just world on deception detection accuracy and the moderating role of mortality salience

Belief in a just world has been linked to high interpersonal trust and less suspicion of deception. We therefore predicted people with a strong dispositional belief in a just world to have low motivation to accurately detect deception. Accordingly, we hypothesized such a belief to be negatively related to accuracy in deception detection. Furthermore, research on Terror Management Theory has indicated that culturally shared values, such as justice, become more important after mortality salience. Thus, we assumed engaging in justice concerns after a death threat is especially relevant for people with a strong belief in a just world, and further, that accurate deception detection is a matter of justice. Based on this reasoning, we expected people with a strong belief in a just world to have an increased motivation to accurately detect deception after mortality salience. Consequently, we hypothesized dispositional differences in belief in a just world to be unrelated to accuracy in deception detection after mortality salience. In line with these predictions, our study revealed that participants with a strong (vs. weak) belief in a just world were worse in deception detection unless they had first been reminded of their mortality.     

Sense‐making in the wake of September 11th: A network analysis of lay understandings

The objective of this research was to document and explore British university students' immediate understanding of the events of September 11th. A network analysis of lay causal perceptions procedure was employed to capture the social perceptions and sense‐making of respondents at a time when they and the world struggled to impose meaning and coherence on the events. The study also examined the possible effects of ‘belief in a just world’ and ‘right‐wing authoritarianism’ on the pattern of perceived causes. The results suggest that most participants perceive cultural and religious differences, the history of conflict in the Middle East, unfairness and prejudice as being the distal causes of the individual agent's emotions and actions. There is also some evidence that right‐wing authoritarianism and belief in a just world have an interactive effect on the strength of the perceived link between some of these causes.     

儿童期虐待对大学生公正世界信念的影响:有调节的中介模型

为探讨儿童期虐待对公正世界信念的作用及心理机制,本研究采用问卷法对929名大学生进行了调查,并采用潜变量模型对数据进行了分析。结果发现:(1)儿童期虐待显著负向预测大学生公正世界信念;(2)控制感在儿童期虐待与公正世界信念之间起完全中介作用;(3)家庭社会经济地位调节了儿童期虐待与控制感的关系,高家庭社会经济地位放大了儿童期虐待与控制感间的负相关。研究结果表明,可以通过预防儿童虐待和增强控制感等干预措施来提升公正世界信念,并且需要对高社会经济地位家庭的儿童虐待加大关注。     

“蚁族”群体的公正世界信念与幸福感研究

以居住在北京小月河地区的304名“蚁族”为被试,采用公正世界信念问卷、积极消极情感问卷和生活满意度问卷,考察了一般公正世界信念、个人公正世界信念以及幸福感之间的关系,结果表明:(1)“蚁族”的生活满意度偏低,但其情绪状态仍然乐观,积极情感体验较高,且具有较高水平的公正世界信念;(2)公正世界信念对幸福感有显著的正向预测作用,公正世界信念水平越高的“蚁族”越幸福;(3)个人公正世界信念在一般公正世界信念和幸福感间起中介作用,即越相信世界是公正的“蚁族”更倾向于相信自己已经或即将受到的对待是公正的,最终提升幸福感。     

公正世界信念对大学生学习成绩的影响:时间管理的解释

为探讨公正世界信念对大学生学习成绩的影响,并说明时间管理因素在二者关系中的作用机制,研究1以205名大学生为被试,采用问卷法探讨了公正世界信念通过时间管理对大学生实际学习成绩起作用的机制。结果表明,时间管理倾向在公正世界信念和学习成绩的关系中起部分中介作用。研究2随机选取120名大学生为被试,采用启动实验范式考察了公正世界信念对时间规划的影响。结果表明,当启动不公正信念时,个体计划学习投入时间显著减少,同时伴随娱乐等其他时间增加。总之,公正世界信念可部分通过影响大学生的时间管理进而影响其学习成绩,而且大学生对不公正信念更敏感。     

The impact of death qualification, belief in a just world, legal authoritarianism, and locus of control on venirepersons' evaluations of aggravating and mitigating circumstances in capital trials

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of death qualification, belief in a just world (BJW), legal authoritarianism (RLAQ), and locus of control (LOC) on venirepersons' evaluations of aggravating and mitigating circumstances in capital trials. 212 venirepersons from the 12th Judicial Circuit in Bradenton, FL, completed a booklet that contained the following: one question that measured their attitudes toward the death penalty; one question that categorized their death-qualification status; the BJW, LOC, and RLAQ scales; a summary of the guilt and penalty phases of a capital case; a 26-item measure that required participants to evaluate aggravators, nonstatutory mitigators, and statutory mitigators on a 6-point Likert scale; sentence preference; and standard demographic questions. Results indicated that death-qualified venirepersons were more likely to demonstrate higher endorsements of aggravating factors and lower endorsements of both nonstatutory and statutory mitigating factors. Death-qualified participants were also more likely to have a high belief in a just world, espouse legal authoritarian beliefs, and exhibit an internal locus of control. Findings also suggested that venirepersons with a low belief in a just world and an external locus of control demonstrated higher endorsements of statutory mitigators. Participants with legal authoritarian beliefs revealed higher endorsements of aggravators and lower endorsements of nonstatutory mitigators. Legal implications and applications are discussed.     

不同留守时间下儿童公正感的特点及其与主观幸福感的关系

采用公正感问卷,生活满意度问卷和积极/消极情感问卷,选取5-8年级565名留守儿童和640名非留守儿童进行调查,探讨不同留守时间下儿童公正感的特点及其与主观幸福感(生活满意度,积极情感,消极情感)的关系。结果表明:(1)不同留守时间下,儿童的公正感得分存在边缘显著性差异(p=0.055);(2)总体上,留守儿童的公正感得分显著低于非留守儿童。具体讲,留守4年半以下和4年半～10年,儿童的公正感得分均显著低于非留守儿童;留守10年以上的儿童公正感得分和非留守儿童不存在差异;(3)各留守时间下,公正感对于生活满意度、积极情感均具有显著地正向预测作用,但对于消极情感仅在特定时间具有显著负向预测作用。表明,留守时间是影响儿童公正感特点及其和主观幸福感关系的重要因素。     

流动儿童主观社会经济地位与问题行为的关系:公正世界信念与社会自尊的作用

采用问卷法对北京市897名流动儿童的主观社会经济地位、社会自尊、公正世界信念和问题行为进行问卷调查,探讨主观社会经济地位与问题行为的关系,并进一步考察公正世界信念的中介作用和社会自尊的调节作用。结果发现:(1)主观社会经济地位与社会自尊、公正世界信念呈显著正相关,主观社会经济地位、社会自尊、公正世界信念与问题行为呈显著负相关。(2)公正世界信念在主观社会经济地位与问题行为的关系中起中介作用。(3)社会自尊调节主观社会经济地位通过公正世界信念影响问题行为的中介路径。社会自尊水平较高时,公正世界信念的中介作用显著; 社会自尊水平较低时,公正世界信念的中介效应不显著。     

The belief in a just world and distress at school

This article investigates the relationship between the belief in a just world (BJW) and distress at school. On the basis of just world theory, the authors argue that strong student BJW should be associated with low school distress. Two questionnaire studies with German secondary school students attending grades 7–13 are reported. Both studies found strong BJW to be associated with less distress at school, better grades, and the evaluation of grades and teachers as more just. Moreover, the relationship between strong BJW and low school distress persisted when controlled for grades, justice of grades, and teacher justice. This relationship held for all students, independently of their school track, grade level, or gender. Overall, the pattern of results reveals school distress to have a unique association with BJW and school-specific justice cognitions.     

EVALUATION OF RAPE VICTIM BY MEN AND WOMEN WITH HIGH AND LOW BELIEF IN A JUST WORLD

Men with high belief in a just world evaluated a videotaped rape victim more negatively than did men with low belief in a just world. Women with high belief in a just world were less negative toward the rape victim than women with low belief in a just world. Participants with low belief in a just world recommended significantly longer prison sentences for the rapist. Evaluations of the rapist and rape victim were not influenced by information about the outcome of the case (the rapist was never caught, the rapist was caught and sentenced to either 1 or 15 years in prison). Implications for just-world beliefs of jurors in rape trials were discussed.     

Believing what you’re told: Young children’s trust in unexpected testimony about the physical world

How do children resolve conflicts between a self-generated belief and what they are told? Four studies investigated the circumstances under which toddlers would trust testimony that conflicted with their expectations about the physical world. Thirty-month-olds believed testimony that conflicted with a naive bias (Study 1), and they also repeatedly trusted testimony that conflicted with an event they had just seen (Study 2)—even when they had an incentive to ignore the testimony (Study 3). Children responded more skeptically if they could see that the testimony was wrong as it was being delivered (Study 3), or if they had the opportunity to accumulate evidence confirming their initial belief before hearing someone contradict it (Study 4). Together, these studies demonstrate that toddlers have a robust bias to trust even surprising testimony, but this trust can be influenced by how much confidence they have in their initial belief.     

Do just‐world believers practice private charity?

The relationship between belief in a just world and private charity was examined in a representative sample of 805 French people. Participants were given money for their participation to a survey research and had the opportunity to allocate a part of it to an organization supporting victims of aggression. A multiple regression analysis including a selection of relevant covariates indicated that just‐world beliefs provided a unique contribution to monetary generosity. The amount of money left for the organization supporting victims was higher among women, and was correlated with participant's age and educational level. This study contributes to the literature by providing for the first time a behavioral demonstration of the relationship between just‐world belief for self and altruistic behavior.     

社会阶层与大学生网络利他行为:一个有调节的中介模型

采用问卷法对813名大学生进行调查,探讨社会阶层、公正世界信念、网络社会支持与大学生网络利他行为之间的关系及内在作用机制。结果发现：（1）客观社会阶层不能显著预测网络利他行为,主观社会阶层能正向预测网络利他行为;（2）公正世界信念在主观社会阶层与网络利他行为的关系中起部分中介作用;（3）网络社会支持调节了公正世界信念的中介作用。对于高网络社会支持个体,公正世界信念起部分中介作用;而对于低网络社会支持个体,公正世界信念的中介效应不显著,主观社会阶层对网络利他行为只有直接效应。     

社会阶层与大学生网络利他行为:一个有调节的中介模型

采用问卷法对813名大学生进行调查,探讨社会阶层、公正世界信念、网络社会支持与大学生网络利他行为之间的关系及内在作用机制。结果发现：（1）客观社会阶层不能显著预测网络利他行为,主观社会阶层能正向预测网络利他行为;（2）公正世界信念在主观社会阶层与网络利他行为的关系中起部分中介作用;（3）网络社会支持调节了公正世界信念的中介作用。对于高网络社会支持个体,公正世界信念起部分中介作用;而对于低网络社会支持个体,公正世界信念的中介效应不显著,主观社会阶层对网络利他行为只有直接效应。     

父母情感温暖对青少年感恩的影响:责任心与公正世界信念的中介作用

以748名高中生为被试,采用问卷法考察父母情感温暖、责任心以及公正世界信念对青少年感恩的影响机制。结果显示：（1）高中生的父母情感温暖可显著正向预测其感恩;（2）在控制了性别、年龄以及年级后,父母情感温暖可分别通过责任心和公正世界信念间接地影响青少年的感恩。这表明责任心和公正世界信念是父母情感温暖影响青少年感恩的重要中介变量。     

Belief in a just world mediates the relationship between institutional trust and life satisfaction among the elderly in China

This study investigated the relationship between institutional trust and life satisfaction, and the mediating role of belief in a just world (BJW) among the elderly. The General Belief in a Just World Scale (GBJW) and Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) were employed. A self-developed Institutional Trust questionnaire was used to measure participant’ levels of trust in eight institutions. The aggregate score for all eight items represented the level of institutional trust. The questionnaires were completed by 19,352 retirees ranging in age from 50 to 99 (M = 69.7, SD = 8.0). The results showed the following: (1) overall, the retirees tended to report high institutional trust and high life satisfaction; (2) institutional trust was positively associated with life satisfaction; and (3) more importantly, the relationships between institutional trust and life satisfaction were partially mediated by GBJW. This finding provides a new insight into the psychological mechanisms by which institutional trust relates to individual happiness. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings, as well as the study’s limitations, are discussed.     

公正世界信念对第三方惩罚的影响：来自ERP的证据

采用事件相关电位技术（ERP）考察公正世界信念对第三方惩罚的影响。（1）行为结果显示,高公正世界信念个体的第三方惩罚显著多于低公正世界信念个体,低公正世界信念个体在高不公正提议下的第三方惩罚显著增加;（2）ERP结果显示,高公正世界信念个体比低公正世界信念个体诱发了更大的MFN波幅和更小的P300波幅,且高公正世界信念个体的MFN波幅在高、低不公正提议下没有差异,低公正世界信念个体在高不公正提议下的MFN波幅明显更大。这说明相比低公正世界信念个体,高公正世界信念个体所持有的公正认知强烈且稳定,个体做出第三方惩罚更多基于自身对于公正结果的预期,而非外部条件。