形式语用学的当代哲学意义

哈贝马斯1976年发表了一篇文章"什么是普通语用学"(Was heiβt Universalpragmatik).他在这篇文章中的第一个注释就指出,他的语言哲学称为"形式语用学"(Formalpragmatik)更合适.在其后的<交往行为理论>、<后形而上学思想>等重要著作中,他一般把自己的语言哲学称之为"形式语用学",它的目标是确定并重构关于言语可理解的普遍条件.     

Philosophical Arguments Against the A‐Theory

According to the A‐theory of time some instant of time is absolutely present. Many reject the A‐theory on the grounds that it is inconsistent with current spacetime physics, which appears to leave no room for absolute presentness. However, some reject the A‐theory on purely philosophical grounds. In this article I describe three purely philosophical arguments against the A‐theory and show that there are plausible A‐theoretic responses to each of them. I conclude that, whatever else is wrong with the A‐theory, it is not obviously a philosophically suspect theory.     

The Formal Characteristics of Behaviour—Temperament Inventory (FCB—TI): Validity studies

A psychometric study has been conducted with the aim of testing the validity of the Formal Characteristics of Behaviour—Temperament Inventory (FCB—TI). FCB—TI has been constructed to measure six temperament traits according to the Regulative Theory of Temperament (RTT): Briskness, Perseverance (referring to the temporal aspect of behavior), Sensory Sensitivity, Emotional Reactivity, Endurance, and Activity (referring to the energetic characteristics of behaviour). These traits have been compared with other temperament as well as personality dimensions. The following measures were used: PTS, EAS—TS, DOTS—R, EPQ—R, SSS—V, 16PF, and NEO-FFI. The study was conducted on samples consisting of over 1500 subjects with satisfactory balanced gender ratio (about 50 per cent), and with a broad range of age (from 15 to 77 years), representing a variety of professions and educational levels. The correlational and factor analytic findings are presented; these show high theoretical validity of the FCB—TI scales, except the Sensory Sensitivity scale. In the discussion some conclusions concerning the revision of the structure of temperament have been suggested.     

异熟概念的道德哲学意蕴

异熟概念之意指与果报不同,而有强烈的道德哲学意蕴.通过异熟概念的建立,唯识学认为道德善恶不同于价值而有绝对的意义,同时将道德善恶评判的范围严格限定在有记业上边,并阐明了道德对于现实生存状况的决定关系.     

A Philosophical Analysis of the Concept of Crisis

In our times, philosophy has been suffering from a spiritual crisis that takes the forms of the crisis of culture, the crisis of meaning, and the crisis of way of life. As the soul of culture, philosophy should contribute valuable responses to the problems of our times. Thus understood, this paper intends to analyze the concept of crisis in a phenomenological approach. The concept of crisis is concerned with the philosophical themes of time and death, and the crises of our times are primarily the crises of life-meaning and the life-world. Drawing sources from Husserl and other phenomenologists, as well as experiences from Chinese culture, I argue that a philosophy of crisis should find its point of departure from the crisis of philosophy.     

从精神病理学到社会病理学——雅斯贝尔斯的哲学逻辑学概念

人们可以把雅斯贝尔斯从《普通精神病理学》走向《哲学逻辑学》之路标明为从精神病理学走向社会病理学之路。哲学逻辑学是理性的自我意识或工具论。雅斯贝尔斯强调精神境况的三条原则：合理性、自身存在的主体性和实际现实。自身存在的主体性总是与合理性相互联系在一起，并对实际现实的变革产生影响。哲学逻辑学被理解成一种新的合理形式，而雅斯贝尔斯恰恰借助其“大全哲学”奠定了这一新的统一的哲学基础。     

The Concept of Faith: A Philosophical Investigation

International Journal for Philosophy of Religion -     

The Origins of Walter Benjamin's Concept of Philosophical Critique

Focusing on Walter Benjamin's earliest pieces dedicated to school reform and the student movement, this article traces the basic critical approaches informing his mature thought back to his struggle to critically implement and transform the theory of concept formation and value presentation developed by his Freiburg teacher, Heinrich Rickert. It begins with an account of Rickert's work, specifically of the concept of Darstellung (presentation) and its central role in Rickert's postmetaphysical theory of historical research (which he characterizes as exclusively concerned with the Kantian quid juris). It shows that Rickert develops a speculative but practical theory of value recognition, which nevertheless leaves the status of value itself undetermined. Contra Rickert, Benjamin returns to the ignored quid facti, or origin of value, and shows that a metacritical, postmetaphysical approach such as Rickert's ultimately limits possible experience rather than grounding it. This basic insight, it is argued, is the cornerstone of Benjamin's concept of critique.     

The Philosophical Underpinnings of Western HRM Theory

As a typical American Product, the Human resource management (HRM) system provides a strong sense of equity, of a trustworthy exchange relationship, and alleges that assessment and promotion mainly depend on an individual’s merits. The critical perspectives of HRM reveal that the “soft” HRM offers a smokescreen for “hard” HRM to cover its unchanged reality, which emphasizes rationality, individualism, control and short-term orientation. This article analyzes the underlying philosophy of HRM, which offers the fundamental theoretical support for it, from four aspects: individualism, meritocracy, rationality and short-termism.     

单病种收费的理论与哲学分析

从价值论、会计成本论,角度来看,单病种收费都不符合基本理论。在很大意义上,这种制度是迎合了一种社会公众心态而设置的一种理想主义的收费改革方式。收费制度不是一种单纯的行政行为,而是一种基于医疗会计成本的制度体系,为克服某种收费制度的弊端,提出一种脱离会计成本和一般哲学意义的主观收费制度是唯心主义和形而上学的思辨方式。     

中药药性理论的哲学诠析

药物的气、味是中药药性理论的核心内容,由于中医学医药不分的特点,这些药性描述都已渗透进了与中医学理论相一致的自然哲学特点.从哲学视角剖析了药性理论发生根源及认识特点,有助于理性地对待中药药性理论,合理地进行中药药性理论现代化研究.     

单病种收费的理论与哲学分析

从价值论、会计成本论,角度来看,单病种收费都不符合基本理论.在很大意义上,这种制度是迎合了一种社会公众心态而设置的一种理想主义的收费改革方式.收费制度不是一种单纯的行政行为,而是一种基于医疗会计成本的制度体系,为克服某种收费制度的弊端,提出一种脱离会计成本和一般哲学意义的主观收费制度是唯心主义和形而上学的思辨方式.     

论部派佛教一切有部的实有涅槃说

涅槃是佛教修行所要达到的最高目的,是佛教哲学的基本概念。本论文专题探讨部派佛教一切有部的涅槃学说。一切有部的涅槃学说建立在关于法的实有学说的基础之上,所谓法的实有,是指宇宙构成成分的实有,每一种实有的成分又包含有不变的法体与刹那的作用。所谓涅槃就是指止灭刹那的作用,达到唯有法性的寂灭状态,或者说是圣者证入法体的解脱状态。有部的涅槃是一种实有自体的存在,这是以法体实有为基础的涅槃概念。有部的涅槃概念又称作择灭无为,而最终的解脱状态又细分为有余涅槃与无余涅槃两种。本论文对这些与涅槃相关的概念都作了细致的分析和论证。并指出,一切有部是以脱离现象界的生命,消融于无生命的绝对界为解脱的最终目的,与印度哲学中的解脱论的传统,尤其是胜论学派的解脱论从思想本质上是相一致的。     

Challenging gender stereotypes: Theory of mind and peer group dynamics

To investigate the social cognitive skills related to challenging gender stereotypes, children (N = 61, 3–6 years) evaluated a peer who challenged gender stereotypic norms held by the peer's group. Participants with false belief theory of mind (FB ToM) competence were more likely than participants who did not have FB ToM to expect a peer to challenge the group's stereotypes and propose that the group engage in a non‐stereotypic activity. Further, participants with FB ToM rated challenging the peer group more positively. Participants without FB ToM did not differentiate between their own and the group's evaluation of challenges to the group's stereotypic norms, but those with ToM competence asserted that they would be more supportive of challenging the group norm than would the peer group. Results reveal the importance of social‐cognitive competencies for recognizing the legitimacy of challenging stereotypes, and for understanding one's own and other group perspectives.     

命门学说的哲学基础与理论渊源

命门学说是对藏象学说、阴阳理论、太极理念的进一步发展,它拓展和完善了中医理论体系;命门学说既是中医临床实践经验的总结,又以其独特的理论价值推动了中医临床的发展.命门学说在中医学术的发展史上有着十分重要的地位.着重从其学术背景、哲学基础与理论渊源进行阐述.     

形式语用学视角中的生活世界理论

哈贝马斯吸收和整合了当代各种语言哲学的成就,形成了自己的语言哲学——形式语用学。这一理论通过对言语行为的意义与它的有效性要求之间内在关联性的分析,指出了言语行为的意义只有在交往行为中才能呈现出来。在解释言语行为的最终来源问题上,哈贝马斯引入胡塞尔的“生活世界”理论,并对它进行了形式语用学的改造。形式语用学的生活世界理论消解了胡塞尔生活世界理论中的先验性,同时又拓宽了韦伯的行为合理化理论视域。     

Challenging the By-Product Theory of Religion in the Cognitive Science of Religion

In this short article I argue that neurotheology should be conceived and practiced within a theological framework. Taking the case of Catholic theology as an example, five proposals are provided that offer a glimpse and, in my estimation, a realistic account of a (future) Catholic neurotheology. I identify two possible modes of how to practice Catholic neurotheology and conclude that any Catholic neurotheology that attempts to be practiced in accordance with these five proposals will be extremely challenging for Catholic theology.     

Sexual Self‐Concept Ambiguity and the Interpersonal Theory of Suicide Risk

Mechanisms (i.e., thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness, hopelessness) derived from the interpersonal theory of suicide which are hypothesized to account for the relation between sexual orientation self‐concept ambiguity and active suicide ideation were examined. Participants included 349 women, among whom 42% currently self‐ascribed a non‐exclusively heterosexual sexual identity. Among women reporting higher levels of sexual self‐concept ambiguity, greater risk for active suicide ideation is found when perceptions of burden and feelings of thwarted belonging co‐occur with feelings of hopelessness. Results support relevant theory useful for understanding suicide risk among sexual minority women who acknowledge ambiguity with regard to their sexual orientation.