HEIDEGGER AND TEILHARD DE CHARDIN: THE CONVERGENCE OF HISTORY AND FUTURE

The intent of this essay is to place the thinking of Martin Heidegger and Pierre Teilhard de Chardin in dialogue with one another in order to thresh out the latent aspects of each thinker's work that are often seen to be problematic. I argue that Teilhard's discussion of unity that differentiates illuminates a positive teleology in Heidegger's notion of Appropriation, while Heidegger's conception of retrieval/repetition discloses the significance of historical reinterpretation in Teilhard's Christology. I therefore reply to accusations that Heidegger's philosophy succumbs to relativism and reduction into Being and that Teilhard neglects history in his treatment of Omega Point.     

ON THE METHODS AND THEORY OF CLUSTERING

The need for methods of clustering individuals into homogeneous groups seems clear. One hopes, by applying them to his data, to discover clusterings which may prove to be important. This aim appears straightforward, but the methods which exist do not necessarily satisfy them. The procedures which employ the correlation measure of profile similarity, and those which employ the distance measure are discussed. Technical and logical problems are shown to exist for both measures. The key defect in almost all clustering procedures seems to be the absence of a statistical model. The suggestion is made that the clustering problem be stated as a mixture problem. The need for further work by psychologists and statisticians is pointed out.     

THE AIMS OF TYPOLOGIES AND A TYPOLOGY OF METHODS

Typologies like Ian Barbour's have been widely used—and critiqued—in religion-and-science. Several alternatives have been proposed by, for example, John Haught, Willem Drees, Mikael Stenmark, and Shoaib Ahmed Malik. However, there has been a surprising deficit in discussion of what we wish typologies to do in religion and science in the first place. In this article, I provide a general analysis of typologies in religion-and-science by (1) providing a classification of existing typologies as conclusion- or concept-oriented; (2) showing that typologies are used, or expected to be used, as first-order categorizations of how religion and science are related and as second-order classifications of scholars/scholarly works; (3) discussing several aims which we might want typologies to achieve in their second-order usage; and (4) presenting a new kind of typology focused on the methods used by scholars which achieves those aims in a unique way.     

练习方式和预定目标对射击学习的影响

本文针对当前射击训练中有待解决的问题做了两个模拟实验。主要结果是:①在半小时前后各射击20次,中间休息14—18分钟的情况下,其射击成绩显著地优于连续射击100次者,并能达到多次间时射击100次者的水平;②揭示了动觉辨别训练在促进射击练习中的重要作用;③对击中靶心的次数有预定目标者的射击成绩远远超过无预定目标者。这项研究对提高射击技术训练的效率和节约子弹都具有一定的意义,对其它运动项目的训练也有参考价值。     

SOME WAYS EMERGING ADULTS ARE SHAPING THE FUTURE OF RELIGION AND SCIENCE

This article addresses how the field of religion and science will change in the coming decades by analyzing the attitudes of emerging adults (ages 18–30). I first present an overview of emerging adulthood to set the context for my analysis, especially highlighting the way in which emerging adults find themselves “in between” and in an “age of possibilities," free to explore a variety of options and thus often become “spiritual bricoleurs." Next, I expand on how a broadening pluralism in emerging adult culture changes both the conversation of “religion and science,” on one hand, and the locus for their interaction on the other. In the third section, I address the question of whether there exists a consensus view of how to relate religion and science. Paradoxically, though 18–30‐year‐olds perceive that there is conflict between science and religion, they personally endorse collaboration or independence. Finally, I draw conclusions for practitioners and theorists.     

思想的解放:论米歇尔·德塞尔托的著述

今天,回到米歇尔·德塞尔托(192 5～1986 )的文本,似乎是一个迫切而必要的任务。并不是因为福柯说他是“(他)那一代最出色、最有才气的”,[1]而是出于与我们当下的思有关的原因。其实,当我们思考当下的社会和政治混乱时,我们不得不承认,在危机时期对正在发生的变化做出澄清谈何容易。这蕴涵着思想的解放,而思想解放是一个对知识进行创意性的质问,对理解进行严密的详解的过程。这个过程是一个不就范于主导意识形态模式的过程。此外,但凡成功的知识建构大多是澄清与解放缠结交错,一旦去思考这种交织方式,我们中间的某些人就想起了德塞尔托的著…     

IAN BARBOUR ON RELIGION AND THE METHODS OF SCIENCE: AN ASSESSMENT

Abstract. Two aspects of Ian Barbour's position on the relation between religion and science are considered. First is his preference for comparing religions as a whole to scientific paradigms. It is suggested that the concept of a tradition as defined by Alasdair MacIntyre is more useful than Thomas Kuhn's paradigm. Thus, the Christian tradition could be compared to the Aristotelian or Newtonian scientific traditions. Within traditions, both religious and scientific, we find schools with enough agreement on fundamentals to be designated research programs, as defined by Imre Lakatos; here fruitful comparisons between theology and science are possible. Barbour's critical realism is intended as a compromise between highly rationalistic and sociological accounts of science. However, rationalism and sociology of science are answers to two different sets of questions rather than extremes on a spectrum of answers to the same question. Thus, there is no middle position between them, and no compromise need be found.     

FROM DIVINE ORACLES TO THE HIGHER CRITICISM: ANDREW D. WHITE AND THE WARFARE OF SCIENCE WITH THEOLOGY IN CHRISTENDOM

Historians of science and religion have given little attention to how historical‐critical scholarship influenced perceptions of the relationship between science and religion in the nineteenth century. However, the so‐called “cofounders” of the “conflict thesis,” the idea that science and religion are fundamentally and irrevocable at odds, were greatly affected by this literature. Indeed, in his two‐volume magnum opus, A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom (1896), Andrew D. White, in his longest and final chapter of his masterpiece, traced the development of the “scientific interpretation” of the Bible. In this article, I argue that developments in biblical criticism had a direct impact on how White constructed his historical understanding of the relationship between science and religion. By examining more carefully how biblical criticism played a significant role in the thought of White and other alleged cofounders of the conflict thesis, this article hopes to relocate the origins, development, and meaning of the science–religion debate at the end of the nineteenth century.     

THE EFFECTIVENESS AND TRANSFER VALUE OF TWO METHODS OF CONCEPT LEARNING

WERDELIN, I., BONDESSON, E. & LARSSON, G.-B. The effectiveness and transfer value of two methods of concept learning. Scand. J. Psychol. , 1971, 12, 198–204.–Two methods of learning are compared as to their effectiveness and transfer value, the "direction method", where principles are presented and exemplified, and the "discovery method", where the learner discovers the principles from examples. In an experiment with 12a pupils in grade five it was found that the direction method was superior to the discovery method in these learning situations, that the methods are differently effective with different materials, and that experience with one of the methods may transfer to the ability to learn new materials with either method. The connections between concept, method and previous experience are very complex, however.