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1.
Shrader-Frechette K 《Science and engineering ethics》2005,11(2):167-169
The International Commission on Radiological Protection — whose regularly updated recommendations are routinely adopted as
law throughout the globe — recently issued the first-ever ICRP protections for the environment. These draft 2005 proposals
are significant both because they offer the commission’s first radiation protections for any non-human parts of the planet
and because they will influence both the quality of radiation risk assessment and environmental protection, as well as the
global costs of nuclear-weapons cleanup, reactor decommissioning and radioactive waste management. This piece argues that
the 2005 recommendations are scientifically and ethically flawed, or gray, in at least three respects: first, in largely ignoring
scientific journals while employing mainly “gray literature;” second, in relying on non-transparent dose estimates and models,
rather than on actual radiation measurements; and third, in ignoring classical ethical constraints on acceptable radiation
risk. 相似文献
2.
Quinnehtukqut McLamore Stylianos Syropoulos Mengyao Li Ezra Fabian Mentrup Bernhard Leidner Kevin Young Wai Lan Victoria Yeung Tasneem Mohammad Jennifer Tamkin Lam Ha Ngyuen Julia Baracewicz 《Social and Personality Psychology Compass》2023,17(11):e12883
Emergent research identifies cultural tightness-looseness as an important factor for understanding cross-national outcome differences during the coronavirus pandemic. Because perceived tightness-looseness can be measured as an individual-level difference rather than a nation-level difference, and because tightness-looseness may shift during large-scale crises, we investigated whether such shifts occurred early in the coronavirus pandemic in both China (a relatively tight nation, n = 3642) and the U.S. (a relatively loose nation, n = 3583) across three cohorts. Tightness increased across cohorts in China and reduced across cohorts in the U.S. These changes transmitted corresponding indirect effects whereby compliance and institutional trust (scientific and government) about the pandemic were increased in China across cohorts, but decreased in the U.S. across cohorts. These patterns extend advice that national governments can increase compliance and trust via “tightening” by cautioning against norm-setters signaling the reverse (that norms about compliance are loose) given the outcomes observed in the U.S. samples. 相似文献
3.
Guy Julier 《Knowledge, Technology, and Policy》2009,22(4):217-225
The period of the United Kingdom's Labour government, 1997–2010, saw two strident policy vectors. One was in the promotion
of the creative industries as a lever for urban regeneration and national renewal in the face of the decline of its manufacturing
base and the globalisation of its economy. The second was in the increased emphasis on financialisation to underpin both corporate
and public sectors. Both of these were, in fact, intensifications of former Conservative policies developed through the early
1990s. This paper reviews some changes in the UK government policy on design, principally through its Design Council, as a
function of the political economy during this period. It draws attention to important shifts in the professional practice
of design and governmental promotion and use thereof—especially of service design and “design thinking”—that suggest a new
attitudinal approach as to its role. It then places these shifts next to changes in public sector management and thinking.
In particular, we see how certain conceptions and practices of design become embedded in its signalling of value in potentia
rather than in putting value into things. 相似文献
4.
K. V. Sudakov V. V. Sinitchkin A. A. Khasanov 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》1988,23(3):89-94
Finnish saunas are popular for alleviating psycho-emotional and physical stress. Regular visits to a sauna may promote three
adaptive effects: a simulation of the training generally associated with sports activities, the building up of resistance
to the effects of extreme exposures, and the regulation of autonomic functions. However, the effect that the sauna has on
the physiological mechanisms of humans—particularly, the effect of contrast-cooling following thermal exposure—is still obscure.
An example of contrast-cooling following thermal exposure is that caused by swimming after using a sauna; such contrast-cooling
may be a risk factor for people with unstable blood pressure, and gradual cooling-off after using a sauna may be preferable.
In this series, various autonomic functions under different heating and cooling treatment in a sauna were studied. The authors
have concluded that the mode of exposures to heating and cooling under control of Heart Rate (HR) changes has, to a certain
extent, a relaxing effect, and thus can be recommended for alleviating psycho-emotional stress. 相似文献
5.
Over the last few years, microblogging has gained prominence as a form of personal broadcasting media where information and
opinion are mixed together without an established order, usually tightly linked with current reality. Location awareness and
promptness provide researchers using the Internet with the opportunity to create “psychological landscapes”—that is, to detect
differences and changes in voiced (twittered) emotions, cognitions, and behaviors. In our article, we present iScience Maps, a free Web service for researchers, available from and . Technologically, the service is based on Twitter’s streaming and search application programming interfaces (APIs), accessed
through several PHP libraries, and a JavaScript frontend. This service allows researchers to assess via Twitter the effect
of specific events in different places as they are happening and to make comparisons between cities, regions, or countries
regarding psychological states and their evolution in the course of an event. In a step-by-step example, it is shown how to
replicate a study on affective and personality characteristics inferred from first names (Mehrabian & Piercy, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 19, 755–758 1993) by mining Twitter data with iScience Maps.Results from the original study are replicated in both world regions we tested
(the western U.S. and the U.K./Ireland); we also discover base rate of names to be a confound that needs to be controlled
for in future research. 相似文献
6.
Ryan Williams LaMothe 《Pastoral Psychology》2011,60(1):179-193
In this article, I offer a pastoral analysis of the three interrelated pillars of U.S. hegemony, namely, “free market” capitalism,
militarism, and exceptionalism. My claims are that these pillars 1) were and are integral to the rise and maintenance of the
U.S. Empire or the U.S. as hyperpower, 2) while beneficial to some U.S. citizens (as well as Western Europeans) and accidentally
to other peoples, have significant and extensive detrimental and long-term consequences for other peoples, and 3) represent
fundamentally and profoundly flawed symbol systems vis-à-vis creating social policies and programs that involve the common
good or foster community. I argue further that the fusion of these symbol systems—free market capitalism, militarism, and
exceptionalism—gives rise to the interpretation of the Other as functional and is inherently flawed and dangerous, because
these systems lead to controlling, manipulating, using, or destroying the Other. If the notion of the common good is to expand
beyond the narrow confines of corporations or a nation and if we seek a good enough society that fosters diverse communities,
then these semiotic systems must be subordinate to religious or humanistic symbol systems that elevate the personhood of the
Other. 相似文献
7.
A number of journalists and scholars have pointed to the sexual objectification of women and men in popular media to argue
that Western culture has become “sexualized” or even “pornified.” Yet it is not clear whether men or women have become more
frequently—or more intensely sexualized—over time. In a longitudinal content analysis of images of women and men on more than
four decades of Rolling Stone magazine covers (1967–2009), we begin to answer such questions. Using a unique analytical framework that allows us to measure
both the frequency and intensity of sexualization, we find that sexualized images of men and women have increased, though
women continue to be more frequently sexualized than men. Yet our most striking finding is the change in how women—but not men—are sexualized. Women are increasingly likely to be “hypersexualized,” but men are not. These findings
not only document changes in the sexualization of men and women in popular culture over time, they also point to a narrowing
of the culturally acceptable ways for “doing” femininity as presented in popular media. 相似文献
8.
This research describes an exploratory factor analysis for the purposes of factorial validation for both the English and Japanese
versions of the Objective Measure of Ego-Identity Status (OMEIS)—Ideological version (Adams, Bennion, & Huh, 1989). The Japanese
OMEIS is a direct translation of the English OMEIS (Ohnishi, 1998). The study reports the factor structure of the OMEIS—Ideological
version in English and Japanese. A principal factor analysis (PFA) with both oblique and orthogonal solutions was performed.
Alpha reliabilities for the factors are presented. The present research compares and contrasts the factor structures of OMEIS—Ideological
version, derived from a U.S. sample and a Japanese sample, comprising women from late adulthood to middle age. Cultural differences
between the two sample populations are explored. 相似文献
9.
Hifumi Ohnishi Farah A. Ibrahim Steven V. Owen 《Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)》2001,20(3):250-259
This research describes an exploratory factor analysis for the purposes of factorial validation for both the English and Japanese
versions of the Objective Measure of Ego-Identity Status (OMEIS)—Ideological version (Adams, Bennion, & Huh, 1989). The Japanese
OMEIS is a direct translation of the English OMEIS (Ohnishi, 1998). The study reports the factor structure of the OMEIS—Ideological
version in English and Japanese. A principal factor analysis (PFA) with both oblique and orthogonal solutions was performed.
Alpha reliabilities for the factors are presented. The present research compares and contrasts the factor structures of OMEIS—Ideological
version, derived from a U.S. sample and a Japanese sample, comprising women from late adulthood to middle age. Cultural differences
between the two sample populations are explored. 相似文献
10.
We argue that considering only a few ‘big’ ethical decisions in any engineering design process — both in education and practice
— only reinforces the mistaken idea of engineering design as a series of independent sub-problems. Using data collected in
engineering design organisations over a seven year period, we show how an ethical component to engineering decisions is much
more pervasive. We distinguish three types of ethical justification for engineering decisions: (1) consequential, (2) deontological
or non-consequential, and (3) virtue-based. We find that although there is some evidence for engineering designers as ‘classic’
consequentialists, a more egocentric consequentialism would appear more fitting. We also explain how the idea of a ‘folk ethics’
— a justification in the second category that consciously weighs one thing with another — fits with the idea of the engineering
design process as social negotiation rather than as technological progress. 相似文献
11.
Roberto Farneti 《Philosophia》2010,38(1):1-28
This article surveys the output of contemporary Italian philosophers and distinguishes three principal ways of approaching
their intellectual endeavor: denial, the “evil-queen syndrome,” and compliance. Philosophers in a state of denial seem unaware
of the loss in status that Italian philosophy as an academic discipline suffers in international forums. The evil-queen syndrome
concerns the habit of compiling surveys of past philosophies, focusing on traditions of which one considers oneself the privileged
inheritor. Compliance—in its commendable aspect—refers to the growing number of philosophers who participate in international
debates, whose forums are for the most part Anglo-American peer-refereed journals. This article urges a less subservient intellectual
attitude, capable of contributing new ideas and arguments to the international philosophical forum. 相似文献
12.
Resnik DB 《Science and engineering ethics》2003,9(3):301-318
This paper develops three arguments for increasing the strength of database protection under U.S. law. First, stronger protections
would encourage private investment in database development, and private databases have many potential benefits for science
and industry. Second, stronger protections would discourage extensive use of private licenses to protect databases and would
allow for greater public control over database laws and policies. Third, stronger database protections in the U.S. would harmonize
U.S. and E.U. laws and would thus enhance international trade, commerce, and research. The U.S. should therefore follow the
European example and develop two tiers of protection for databases: 1) protection for creative databases under copyright law;
2) protection for non-creative databases through a special type of sui generis protection. In order to balance private control of data and public access to data, sui generis protections should define a “fair use” exemption that permits some unauthorized extraction of data for private, educational,
and research purposes, provided that such extraction does not adversely impact the economic value of the database. 相似文献
13.
Previous studies, such as those by Kornell and Bjork (Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 14:219–224, 2007) and Karpicke, Butler, and Roediger (Memory, 17:471–479, 2009), have surveyed college students’ use of various study strategies, including self-testing and rereading. These studies have
documented that some students do use self-testing (but largely for monitoring memory) and rereading, but the researchers did
not assess whether individual differences in strategy use were related to student achievement. Thus, we surveyed 324 undergraduates
about their study habits as well as their college grade point average (GPA). Importantly, the survey included questions about
self-testing, scheduling one’s study, and a checklist of strategies commonly used by students or recommended by cognitive
research. Use of self-testing and rereading were both positively associated with GPA. Scheduling of study time was also an
important factor: Low performers were more likely to engage in late-night studying than were high performers; massing (vs.
spacing) of study was associated with the use of fewer study strategies overall; and all students—but especially low performers—were
driven by impending deadlines. Thus, self-testing, rereading, and scheduling of study play important roles in real-world student
achievement. 相似文献
14.
Miranda A. Farage Terresa L. Nusair Dennis Hanseman Susan N. Sherman Joel Tsevat 《Applied research in quality of life》2010,5(1):1-25
Despite the existence of numerous health-related quality of life (HRQoL) measures, few if any are geared to evaluating the
impact of consumer products. We describe the development and initial implementation of the Farage Quality of Life (FQoL™)
general questionnaire, a self-administered questionnaire to assess the potential impact of a variety of consumer products
on overall well-being and HRQoL. We developed the 27-item FQoL™ measure, scored on a Likert scale and covering Overall Quality
of Life (1 item), Well-Being (12 items), and Energy and Vitality (14 items), and a 3-item Menstrual Module for use with menstruating
women. We assessed test-retest reliability by administering the items twice to a sample of 20 women 3 days apart, calculating
mean absolute differences in responses. Then, in a study of 119 women ages 18–55 years who were randomly assigned to use a
new brand of menstrual pad vs. their usual menstrual pads for 1 menstrual period, we administered the FQoL™ questionnaire
5–7 days before their menstrual period and 5–7 days after the start of their period. We compared changes in responses within
groups and between groups pre- vs. during menstruation. Overall, test-retest reliability was good, with a mean (SD) absolute
difference for the 27 general items of 0.51 (0.31). In the menstrual pad study, the mean (SD) age of responders was 35.3 (7.9)
years; 59 (50%) were age 18–35 and 60 (50%) were age 36–55. Relative to the intervention group, the usual pads group reported
worse HRQoL during vs. pre-menstruation on items addressing self-confidence, managing stress, energy, and fatigue (P ≤ 0.05 for each comparison). In subgroup analyses, relative to intervention patients, women age 18-35 in the usual pads group
reported greater changes for the worse during vs. pre-menstruation in managing stress; energy; and fatigue, but relatively
better work or school attendance during vs. pre-menstruation, and women age 36–55 in the usual pads group reported greater
changes for the worse in self-confidence and in desire to go out in public (P ≤ 0.03 for each comparison). The general FQoL™ is a new measure of HRQoL applicable to consumer product evaluation. It has
good test-retest reliability. The FQoL™ menstrual module detects changes in HRQoL during vs. before the menstrual period associated
with menstrual pad use. Further research is needed to assess the construct validity of the HRQoL. 相似文献
15.
Halina Szejnwald Brown 《Knowledge, Technology, and Policy》2007,19(4):26-43
This paper examines the transformation of environmental regulatory system in Poland during the 1990s. It is a case of institutional
transplantation from the past into the present: the place remained constant but the economic and political context rapidly
changed over time. Drawing on five case studies of privatized firms, a mailed questionnaire, and policy and institutional
analysis, it investigates how Poland developed an effective system for managing industrial pollution while also achieving
considerable socioeconomic progress.
One key lesson is that considerable and effective evolution of policies can take place during radical shifts in the political-economic
context, as long as certain conditions are fulfilled. These include a good “fit” between the approaches taken and the existing
modes of conducting societal transactions; wide sharing of certain values among the key societal actors; and continuity in
policies and institutions. It also appears that a broad support for the rule of law and due process are crucial. The case
of Poland also suggests that, while the developing countries do not necessarily need to reenact the evolution that has taken
place among the developed countries during the past three decades, neither can they expect to leapfrog from a highly polluting
“dirty” economy to a sustainable economy. The study also suggests that success in the first phase of regulatory system’s transformation—centered
around reducing pollution from the energy and manufacturing sectors—is not a predictor of its success in next phase, centered
around sustainability issues. The types of institutions, political circumstances, and national capabilities are different
for each phase.
Halina Szejnwald Brown is professor of environmental science and policy at Clark University. She currently works in the areas
of environmental policy, sociotechnical innovation for sustainability, and institutions for global governance. 相似文献
16.
Lauren Bartlett P. Aarne Vesilind Professor P. Aarne Vesilind 《Science and engineering ethics》1998,4(2):191-201
The complexity of chromium chemistry makes it an ideal example of how the Principle of Expediency, first articulated by sanitary
pioneer Earle Phelps, can be used in a standard setting. Expediency, defined by Phelps as “the attempt to reduce the numerical
measure of probable harm, or the logical measure of existing hazard, to the lowest level that is practicable and feasible
within the limitations of financial resources and engineering skill”, can take on negative connotations unless subject to
ethical guidance. In this paper we argue that without ethical principles as a rubric for negotiating environmental regulations,
communities run the risk of slipping from the Principle of Expediency as defined by Phelps to the alternative usage of expediency
meaning that which does not reflect ethical consideration or concern beyond self-serving interest. Three ethical ideals—justice,
mercy and humility—are suggested as values to be considered while resolving regulatory issues related to environmental protection.
The Principle of Expediency serves as a working principle, but not as a rigid algorithm, for setting regulatory limits for
environmental concentrations of waste products like chromium.
This paper is based on a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the PhD degree by Lauren Bartlett, Duke University,
1997.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at a mini-conference, Practicing and Teaching Ethics in Engineering and Computing, held during the Sixth Annual Meeting of the Association for Practical and Professional Ethics, Washington, D.C., March 8–9,
1997. This paper is one of a series edited by Michael C. Loui. See Volume 3, No. 4, 1997 for other papers in this series. 相似文献
17.
Jan Plaza 《Synthese》2007,158(2):165-179
Multi-modal versions of propositional logics S5 or S4—commonly accepted as logics of knowledge—are capable of describing static
states of knowledge but they do not reflect how the knowledge changes after communications among agents. In the present paper
(part of broader research on logics of knowledge and communications) we define extensions of the logic S5 which can deal with
public communications. The logics have natural semantics. We prove some completeness, decidability and interpretability results
and formulate a general method that solves certain kind of problems involving public communications—among them well known
puzzles of Muddy Children and Mr. Sum & Mr. Product. As the paper gives a formal logical treatment of the operation of restriction
of the universe of a Kripke model, it contributes also to investigations of semantics for modal logics.
This paper was originally published as Plaza, J. A. (1989). Logics of public communications. In M. L. Emrich, M. S. Pfeifer,
M. Hadzikadic, & Z.W. Ras (Eds.), Proceedings of the fourth international symposium on methodologies for intelligent systems:
Poster session program (pp. 201–216). Publisher: Oak Ridge National Laboratory, ORNL/DSRD-24. Research partly supported by NSF Grant CCR-8702307
and PSC-CUNY Grant 668283. 相似文献
18.
Itay Snir 《Continental Philosophy Review》2010,43(3):407-437
This article offers a new interpretation of Adorno’s “new categorical imperative”: it suggests that the new imperative is
an important element of Adorno’s moral philosophy and at the same time runs counter to some of its essential features. It
is suggested that Adorno’s moral philosophy leads to two aporiae, which create an impasse that the new categorical imperative
attempts to circumvent. The first aporia results from the tension between Adorno’s acknowledgement that praxis is an essential
part of moral philosophy, and his view according to which existing social conditions make it impossible for moral knowledge
to be translated into “right” action. The second aporia results from the tension between the uncompromising sensitivity to
suffering that underlies Adorno’s moral thought, and his analysis of the culture industry mechanisms which turn people into
happy, satisfied customers—an incompatibility which threatens to pull the rug out from under Adorno’s moral philosophy. My
interpretation of the “new categorical imperative” focuses on two characteristics it inherits from the “old,” Kantian one—self-evidence
and unconditionality—in order to present the new imperative as a response to these two aporiae. 相似文献
19.
Jörg M. Müller Christian Postert Thomas Beyer Tilman Furniss Sandra Achtergarde 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2010,32(2):246-254
Eleven short versions of the Symptom Checklist (SCL-90-R) assessing general psychopathology, containing 5 to 53 items, were
compared on the basis of data from a sample of one hundred mothers of 0-to-6-year-old children referred for treatment at a
Child Psychiatric Family Day Hospital in Münster, Germany. The SCL short versions were compared with regard to internal consistency,
sensitivity and specificity, ability to distinguish between subjects by a new test index (PDTS), and association with indicators
of validity (SCL-90-R Global Severity Index, BDI scores). All short versions showed almost equally high internal consistency,
sensitivity and specificity, and high correlations with validity indices. The PDTS test index describes a ‘good’ ability of
the original SCL-90-R to differentiate between subjects, a ‘moderate’ performance for the BSI, the HSCL-25 and the SCL-27,
and a ‘poor’ performance of the very short forms—according to the standards of interpreting PDTS scores. The SCL-10S is recommended
for screening purposes because this scale represented the best compromise between economy and accuracy. However, for other
research and clinical purposes, the use of one of the longer short versions (BSI, HSCL-25, or SCL-27) is recommended because
of their superior discriminative ability. 相似文献