Comment accède-t-on à un mot en production verbale écrite ?

The general issue addressed in the paper concerns the access to orthographic representations in written naming in adults. The processing levels engaged in written naming are briefly described. Then, we address the issue of the role of phonological codes in accessing orthographic representations. The problem is to determine whether or not phonological codes are obligatorily involved in the access to orthographic codes. We briefly provide evidence from brain-damaged patients and from normals, which suggests that phonology plays a constraining role in accessing orthographic codes. The question of the determinants of the speed of access to orthographic representations is presented and, more precisely, the influence of age of acquisition and objective word frequency. Concerning the influence of age of acquisition, we address two issues: (1) the control for cumulative frequency and the status of classical age of acquisition measures; (2) the locus/i of age of acquisition and word frequency effects.     

La loi no 2016-87 du 2 février 2016 créant de nouveaux droits en faveur des malades et des personnes en fin de vie : un nouvel équilibre décisionnel ?

Adopted after a tumultuous legislative process, the Act of 2 February 2016 complete the “Leonetti” law of April 22, 2005. Without going to legalize active help to die, this law does include some notable developments. It increases patient autonomy, including the consecration of mandatory advance directives and extends the right to refuse care. It specifies the role of the support person in the decision process and extends the scope of the collegiate procedure. Finally, it recognizes a right to care for the suffering and diversified palliative care modalities, particularly through the introduction of continuous deep sedation until death. Some aspects of the law relating to the mandatory advance directives or the process of sedation are however asked to be specified by regulation.     

Le « sens de la vie » comme paradigme pour le conseil en orientation

Choosing a career requires the fundamental question of life meaning. If this issue was not treated in the career counseling research, his interest was reaffirmed by the development of new trends around life designing and positive psychology. This article discusses the various components (philosophical, theoretical and empirical psychology) of work on life meaning. It aims to demonstrate the usefulness and the unity of the concept for vocational guidance and model the theoretical principles. Finally, new directions are outlined in the design of new methods of guidance and researches.     

Devenir chercheur : rapport au savoir et engagement dans la recherche des doctorants en histoire et en mathématiques

The following qualitative research questions the specialization of students at university and their motives for committing themselves to a Ph.D. The authors show how the specialization of these students, beyond their commitment to achieve their doctoral work, is first a matter of relation to knowledge, remote from any professional integration strategy. The “Alceste” lexical analysis of a corpus of 16 semi-structured interviews reveals the significant presence of syntagms which show the preference of eight Ph.D. students specialized in history and eight Ph.D. students specialized in mathematics for a given type of knowledge. Committing oneself to research is first a question of pleasure and appeal. It cannot be dissociated from the subjective functions that such active knowledge fulfils for a subject.     

Activités et motivations sous-jacentes : quelles relations avec le bien-être en confinement ?

IntroductionThe lockdown decided in France to prevent the spread of Covid-19 has temporarily modified the structure of daily activities. But, daily activities and the intention underlying actions influence well-being.ObjectivesThis study explored three variables hypothetically related to well-being under lockdown: the time spent on each activity, the motivation underlying the activity, and a potential moderating effect of time by motivation.MethodWeekly longitudinal tracking of a selection of activities potentially related to well-being in confined individuals was conducted over four weeks (N = 461, 1213 total observations, April 16–May 20, 2020) and then processed by linear mixed model analyses.ResultsAt the activity level, the time spent giving social support, volunteering, physical activity, and meditation were positively associated with well-being. In addition, hedonic, eudemonic, and altruistic motivations were positively related to well-being, whereas extrinsic motivation was negatively related. Motivations were generally more associated to well-being than time spent on activities. Finally, interactions were found between time spent on activities and motivations, particularly with hedonic and altruistic motivations.ConclusionThis study provides insights into the distribution of activity time in confinement and the motivations associated with well-being in such a situation.     

La durée des vacances scolaires affecte-t-elle les performances attentionnelles en classe au retour des vacances ?

The aim of this research was to study the influence of holiday's duration on children's attentional performances at school. Chronopsychological studies underlined a standard daily attention pattern striking a balance between the different rhythms of the child. This study aimed to answer two questions: the first one considered effect of holiday duration (15 days versus 10 days) on the standard pattern of children attention (returning from their holidays) by taking into account their level of education. The second one considered whether decline of attention on Friday (explained by phenomenon of anticipation of the weekend) was still present after 2 weeks of rest, whatever the children's level of education were. Two hundred and twenty-nine children aged from 6 to 11 took part to this study. Attention level was measured through cross-out tests, which children completed at school during the week following their holidays. The sample was divided into two (schooling) levels: from primary to early elementary (124 first-grade pupils) and late elementary (105 fifth-grade pupils). The study was conducted over 2 weeks, one following All Saints’ Day holidays (which are 10 days long) and one following the Easter holidays (which are 15 days long). The results showed that after a 10-day holiday, the youngest pupils obtained higher performances than after a 2-week holiday, except for Friday, which is considered in the literature as a particularly difficult moment. Furthermore, the pattern collectively admitted as standard was not observed after a 2-week holiday. For older pupils, attention was mobilized 5 consecutive days only after 2 weeks of rest. For all pupils, a 10-day holiday didn’t seem to allow synchronization of children's rhythms, and involved a lower level of attention at the end of week than after a 2-week holiday.     

Psychologie communautaire en Amérique latine : trajectoire historique et enjeux actuels

The aim of this article is to describe the historical circumstances and the sociopolitical influences that gave rise to community psychology in Latin America. The presentation discusses the evolution of the discipline beginning in the late 1950s and elaborates on the historical, social and political influences that shaped its identity, including the context for the evolution of psychology as a scientific discipline and as a helping profession. Finally, two major and current challenges that community psychology faces in Latin America are discussed, namely the systematisation and evaluation of intervention and practice, and the empowerment of communities through real participation of its members.     

Parents d’un enfant en situation de handicap : quelles difficultés,quels besoins ?

Parents of children with disabilities are faced with daily difficulties leading to organizational complications and time constraints. They are at risk of developing distress that requires support. The objective was to understand the difficulties encountered in daily life and in the moments initially devoted to rest. Information on the organization and daily difficulties and during rest periods, as well as the desired assistance, is collected from parents of children, adolescents or adults with disabilities through a dual quantitative and qualitative approach. Five classes identified daily difficulties and six classes defined difficulties associated with rest time. Requests for assistance (via the Internet, structures, allowances or relatives) have been developed. In addition, a thematic analysis identified three main themes: reasons for lack of support, barriers to access to support and wishes for support. The chronicity of the above-mentioned difficulties and the time-consuming tasks do have consequences on the parents’ personal life, even when the child grows up. They expressed their wish to benefit from home help, which seems to be the most appropriate in relation to the daily workload.     

La chaise vide en psychothérapie : origines et développements

Working with the empty chair or the two-chair dialogue techniques is used in experiential techniques. The latter are practiced in various psychotherapy forms. The present article demonstrates the origins of these techniques in the Gestalt and Person-centered models of psychotherapy, as well as presents their current developments in experiential psychotherapy approaches. The techniques presented are classified according to their objectives, namely: clarification and meaning construction, and modification of internal determinants of the presenting problem. The following techniques are briefly presented, illustrated with clinical examples and discussed: treatment of internal conflict split; treatment of self-interruptive process; unfinished business dialogue; self-soothing dialogue; cognitive elements in the one-person role-play; affective elements in the one-person role-play. We discuss the empirical evidence of these techniques, by referring to efficacy and effectiveness studies, as well as process studies, and conclude with a reflection on the differential indication of the techniques, in the context of novel clinical and research perspectives.     

La psychologie communautaire en Amérique du Nord : historiques et applications

Community psychology is an applied discipline that emerged during a time of political upheaval and social unrest in the United States and Canada. In this paper, we provide a brief overview of the history of community psychology for both countries and pinpoint some crucial elements that influenced and shaped this discipline. In order to explain community psychology and to concretely demonstrate the diversity of community research and actions, we propose some examples of practical applications of this active field in North America today.     

Pratiques d’encadrement et usages des TIC : un exemple en Gendarmerie nationale

This article will present the results of field research conducted in a French army civilian body responsible for the safety of property and people. The object of study concerns “e-leadership” management practice in connection with the information technology and communication (ICT). After recalling the role played by ICT in situations of current work, the issue of management relationship will be developed, as well as knowledge on the “e-leadership”. The results show the impact of ICT on the management relationship is rooted in a multiple determinism related to the nature of tasks, the characteristics of technological tools and constraints in the use situations.