A contingency model of conflict and team effectiveness

The authors develop and test theoretical extensions of the relationships of task conflict, relationship conflict, and 2 dimensions of team effectiveness (performance and team-member satisfaction) among 2 samples of work teams in Taiwan and Indonesia. Findings show that relationship conflict moderates the task conflict-team performance relationship. Specifically, the relationship is curvilinear in the shape of an inverted U when relationship conflict is low, but the relationship is linear and negative when relationship conflict is high. The results for team-member satisfaction are more equivocal, but the findings provide some evidence that relationship conflict exacerbates the negative relationship between task conflict and team-member satisfaction.     

亲子、同伴、师生关系与青少年主观幸福感关系的研究

为探讨青少年亲子关系、同伴关系、师生关系和其主观幸福感之间的关系,本研究构建了一个有调节的中介模型。采用青少年主观幸福感量表、亲子沟通问卷、同伴关系量表、师生关系量表对475名来自湖南、甘肃地区的初高中生进行测查。结果显示：（1）亲子、同伴、师生关系均能正向预测主观幸福感;（2）同伴关系在亲子关系和主观幸福感的关系间起部分中介作用;（3）亲子关系对主观幸福感的直接作用路径受到了师生关系的调节;（4）师生关系调节了亲子关系通过同伴关系影响主观幸福感的中介过程的前半路经。可见,师生关系在亲子关系预测青少年主观幸福感的过程中具备重要的调节功能,未来青少年主观幸福感的提升可聚焦于促进良好师生关系的建立以及发挥亲子、同伴、师生关系的联合作用。     

网络亲密关系的性质与成因

网络亲密关系作为网络领域中的一种新现象,其建立的方式、维持和破裂的过程与现实亲密关系是存在差异的。网络亲密关系比现实亲密关系更加完美化,但存在更多的情感性背叛。害羞人格特质的个体、高焦虑依恋特征的个体、性开放者和感情丰富的个体、婚恋受挫的个体更易形成网络亲密关系。网络亲密关系是如何随着时间发展的、及网络亲密关系是如何转变成现实亲密关系等问题有待进一步研究     

中学生心理素质与同伴关系的研究:自尊的中介作用

探讨中学生心理素质、自尊和同伴关系三者之间的关系,以及自尊在心理素质和同伴关系之间所起的作用。采用中学生心理素质问卷(简化版)、自尊量表及他评同伴关系测量调查了938名在校中学生。结果发现:(1)中学生心理素质、自尊和同伴关系之间两两呈显著正相关,心理素质显著正向预测自尊与同伴关系,自尊显著正向预测同伴关系(2)中学生自尊在心理素质和同伴关系之间起显著的部分中介作用,中介效应占总效应的27.7%。     

Some historical relationships between science and technology with implications for behavior analysis

The relationship between science and technology is examined in terms of some implications for behavior analysis. Problems result when this relationship is seen as one in which science generally begets technology in a one-way, or hierarchical, relationship. These problems are not found when the relationship between science and technology is seen as two-way, or symmetrical, within a larger context of relationships. Some historical examples are presented. Collectively, these and other examples in the references weaken the case for a prevailing one-way, hierarchical relationship and strengthen the case for a two-way, symmetrical relationship. In addition to being more accurate historically, the symmetrical relationship is also more consistent with the principles of behavior analysis.     

3-6年级小学生师生关系:结构、类型及其发展

本研究采用师生关系教师评定量表,由14名班主任教师对498名3-6年级学生与教师的关系进行评价.结果表明:(1)师生关系量表具有较好的信度和效度,师生关系特点主要表现在冲突性、亲密性和反应性三个维度上.(2)快速聚类分析的结果表明,3-6年级学生的师生关系可划分为3种类型:冷漠型、冲突型、亲密型,其分布比例分别为23.0%、33.7%、43.3%.(3)师生关系随学生年级增长而变化.在师生关系各维度及总分上,存在显著的年级差异.随年级的上升,积极师生关系类型的比例逐渐下降,而消极师生关系类型的比例逐步上升.     

科技侵扰与恋爱关系满意度:有调节的中介效应

采用问卷法对454名处于亲密恋爱关系中的未婚个体进行调查,考察了沟通质量在科技侵扰与亲密关系满意度之间的中介效应,及信任对这一中介过程的调节效应。结果表明：(1)科技侵扰对亲密关系满意度具有显著负向预测作用;(2)沟通质量在科技侵扰与亲密关系满意度之间起中介作用;(3)科技侵扰通过沟通质量对亲密关系满意度的中介受到信任的调节,具体来说,个体对伴侣信任水平较高时,将减弱沟通质量变差对亲密关系满意度的破坏作用。本研究在新的时代背景下探究智能手机使用在亲密互动中的影响及其中的机制和边界条件。研究结果提示,科技侵扰可以通过破坏沟通质量影响恋爱个体的亲密关系满意度,且在此过程中信任可以缓冲沟通质量变差对亲密关系的影响。     

Die therapeutische Beziehung

The therapeutic relationship is deserving of special consideration. Both knowledge of the widely varying aspects of proposals in terms of possible relationship regulation and acquisition of the different forms of therapeutic relationship management are crucial for therapeutic success. Impact factors are used in the psychotherapeutic process (resource activation, problem activation, problem identification and problem solving), which are predominantly used in rapid succession or even simultaneously. This is also true of the relationship proposals intended and deployed by the therapist, which can also be conceptualised on the basis of impact factors. It has been shown that a single relationship quality can have very different mechanisms of action (e.g. on problem updating and identification). Successful therapeutic relationship regulation is characterized by high flexibility on the part of the therapist, who is able to move between the poles of understanding/confirmation, guidance/support and leadership/control. A good therapeutic relationship in terms of effecting an improvement in the patient is characterized according to the therapist’s flexibility as regards what he/she can offer in the relationship, a flexibility which can no longer be squarely attributed to one therapy discipline alone. In order to take the significance of the therapeutic relationship into account, the training and specific skills required for this need to be taught during training and supervision. A prerequisite to this, in addition to a sound theoretical training in the relevant aspects of relationship regulation, is relationship regulation skills in terms of both concept and own practical experience.     

社区卫生服务的“管理模式”与“治理模式”比较

依据社区卫生服务的提供方与消费方之间的权力关系,社区卫生服务模式可以划分为管理模式和治理模式。在管理模式中,社区卫生服务提供方与消费方之间是建立在行政和技术权威基础上的管理与被管理关系。在治理模式中,社区卫生服务的提供方与消费方则是建立在沟通基础上的合作关系。我国社区卫生服务模式的发展趋势是从管理向治理的转变。     

Approach and Avoidance Relationship Commitment

The current paper proposes that relationship commitment is a goal; and as such, is regulated by the approach and avoidance dimensions. We suggest that two types of commitment exist: approach commitment, the desire to maintain and continue the relationship, and avoidance commitment, the desire to avoid relationship dissolution. Specifically, approach commitment is associated with a desire for future relationship incentives and rewards; and avoidance commitment is a desire to avoid the negative consequences or costs of relationship dissolution. In this paper, we evaluate previous research on relationship commitment from an approach and avoidance goal theory perspective, and then present an approach and avoidance commitment model and hypotheses testable in future research.     

Partner effects of Mexican cultural values: the couple and parenting relationships

In this investigation, the authors explored the impact of individuals' cultural values on their partners' relationship adjustment and perceptions of their parenting relationship. The authors examined Mexican cultural values of simpatía (i.e., harmonious interpersonal relationships) and respeto (i.e., respect for authority figures) using a sample of 50 Mexican-origin couples in southern Arizona. Congruent with their hypotheses, results supported the proposition that fathers' simpatía is positively associated with both relationship adjustment and the parenting relationship as reported by mothers, whereas fathers' respeto is negatively associated with both relationship adjustment and the parenting relationship as reported by mothers. However, the authors found little evidence of a contribution of mothers' cultural values to fathers' perceptions of either relationship adjustment or the parenting relationship. They interpret these findings to suggest that mothers' relationship adjustment and parenting relationship are more sensitive to and dependent on fathers' degree of traditional cultural values among Mexican-origin families.     

Predicting romantic relationship satisfaction from life history strategy

Attachment style and communication style have been shown in previous research to predict relationship satisfaction. We hypothesized that the ultimate cause underlying the relationship among attachment style, communication style, and relationship satisfaction is Life History Strategy (LHS). Furthermore, we hypothesized that LHS would not only predict relationship satisfaction indirectly through a couple’s attachment style and communication style, but would also predict relationship satisfaction directly. Two structural equation models were constructed to model and test each of these hypotheses. The first showed that the indirect causal pathways from LHS to attachment style, attachment style to communication style, and communication style to relationship satisfaction predicted 16% of the variance in relationship satisfaction. The second added a causal pathway directly from LHS to relationship satisfaction which reduced the estimate for the influence of communication style on relationship satisfaction and increased the total variance predicted in relationship satisfaction to 60%. These results challenge the notion that it is primarily the communication between two romantic partners which influences their relationship outcome by proposing that their LHS may be influential: (1) indirectly through their attachment style and communication style; and (2) directly upon relationship satisfaction.     

For Better or for Worse? Gender Ideology,Religious Commitment,and Relationship Quality

Few studies have considered how religion moderates the ways gender ideology influences heterosexual relationship outcomes. Drawing on a national random sample of American adults who report being married or living as married, we focus on the extent to which religious commitment moderates the link between gender ideology and reported relationship satisfaction, and whether this moderating effect varies across gender. We find that gender traditionalism is negatively associated with relationship satisfaction; however, interaction effects reveal that religious commitment moderates the effects of gender ideology such that the negative effects of gender traditionalism on relationship satisfaction only apply to people who are less religious. Gender traditionalism, by contrast, is not negatively related to relationship satisfaction for the highly religious. Splitting the sample by gender reveals that this moderating relationship is significant for women only. Thus, while gender traditionalism is negatively related to relationship satisfaction in the main, this effect is contingent on both gender and religious commitment. Religious commitment appears to mitigate negative effects of gender traditionalism on relationship outcomes, particularly for American women.     

青少年浪漫关系倾向发展特点及其与相关影响因素的关系

采用内隐关系评估测验（IRAP）、单类内隐联想测试（SC-IAT）和问卷法,对204名12～18岁青少年进行研究,考察青少年浪漫关系发展特点,内隐态度、父母依恋及同伴依恋对青少年浪漫关系倾向的预测作用。结果表明：（1）青少年浪漫关系发生倾向存在显著的年级差异,高一年级是青少年浪漫关系发展的敏感时期。（2）青少年浪漫关系内隐态度存在显著的年级差异,随年龄增长,青少年对浪漫关系的支持性增加,但在高三年级略有下降。（3）青少年浪漫关系发生倾向与母亲依恋及同伴依恋呈极其显著负相关。青少年母亲依恋程度在一定程度上可以预测其浪漫关系的发生。     

热情与能力的关系及其影响因素

社会认知的两个基本维度热情与能力之间存在一种特殊的关系, 它既可能是晕轮效应所认为的正向关系, 也可能是补偿效应和影射效应所认为的负向关系, 还有可能是受多种因素影响的正交关系。热情与能力的关系受到知觉者自身因素、知觉对象的特点、知觉者与知觉对象的关系以及外部环境等多种因素的影响, 而热情与能力关系的内部机制不明确是学者们对其关系产生分歧的根本原因。今后需要进一步探讨热情与能力的内部机制, 进行跨文化的检验和比较研究, 进一步探索其关系的影响因素, 建构热情与能力的关系模型。     

医患关系的本质属性及其立法取向

考察医患关系的本质属性,结合国家医疗事业的公益性、医疗立法的宗旨和发展趋势,得出如下结论：医患关系本质平等,医事法属平权法。医事法律关系本质平等,是一种民事法律关系,现行医患关系立法体系下医患关系的某些特征,不能反映医事法律关系的本质属性。     

Commitment and satisfaction in romantic associations: A test of the investment model

Two experiments were designed to test the adequacy of the investment model of developing relationships in predicting satisfaction with and commitment to ongoing associations. According to the investment model, attraction to and satisfaction with a relationship is a function of a comparison of the relationship outcome value (both rewards and costs) to the individual's expectations, or comparison level. Commitment to a relationship is said to be a function not only of the relationship outcome value, but also the quality of the best available alternative and the magnitude of the individual's investment in the relationship. The intrinsic or extrinsic investment of resources serves to increase commitment by increasing the costs of leaving the relationship. Thus, increases in investment size, decreases in alternative value, and increases in relationship value should increase commitment to an ongoing relationship. In Experiment 1, a role-playing study, commitment to relationships increased with intrinsic and extrinsic investment size and decreased with the value of alternatives, but was not appreciably affected by relationship costs. Satisfaction/attraction significantly increased as relationship costs decreased. In Experiment 2, a survey of ongoing romantic associations, satisfaction/attraction was predicted by relationship reward value and relationship cost value. Commitment to relationships increased as relationship reward value and investment size increased and as alternative value and relationship cost value decreased, although the effects of cost value were weak.     

同胞关系及其与儿童青少年社会性发展的关系

同胞关系是指兄弟姐妹之间分享与彼此有关的知识、观点、态度、信念和感受的所有互动,具有平等互惠性和补充性。同胞关系质量分为同胞温暖与冲突、界限黏结与解离、积极与消极同胞关系。亲缘选择和家庭系统理论从进化和环境视角解释同胞关系。同胞关系对于儿童青少年内外化问题行为和人际关系等具有重要影响。未来应关注特殊儿童青少年同胞关系的特点,深入探讨同胞关系对儿童青少年社会性发展的作用机制和干预措施,加强本土化研究。     

When relationships do not live up to benevolent ideals: Women's benevolent sexism and sensitivity to relationship problems

Benevolent sexism promises women a revered place within intimate relationships, which should lead to greater dissatisfaction when they face relationship difficulties. We collected self‐reports of relationship problems and relationship satisfaction (Study 1; N = 91 heterosexual couples), relationship problems and relationship evaluations daily over 3 weeks (Study 1), and hurtful partner behaviour and relationship evaluations over 10 days (Study 2; N = 86 women). Women's endorsement of benevolent sexism predicted sharper declines in relationship satisfaction when they faced greater relationship problems (Study 1) and hurtful partner behaviour (Study 2). These effects were magnified in longer relationships (Studies 1 and 2), indicating that the sensitivity to relationship problems associated with women's endorsement of benevolent sexism is particularly pronounced when women have more invested in their relationship role being revered and cherished. The results suggest that women who endorse benevolent sexism are vulnerable within their relationships because their satisfaction is contingent upon the fulfilment of the promises of benevolent sexism. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.