自我宽恕的概念、测量及其与其他心理变量的关系

自我宽恕是指当自己是侵犯者时,发生于自己内部的,对待自己的动机由报复转向善待的变化。自我宽恕的概念在其对象、过程、实质和价值方面都存在着争议,即自己与他人、给予与寻求、特质与情境、积极与消极的争论。自我宽恕与人际宽恕在其对象、影响因素与后果等诸多方面也存在区别。对自我宽恕的测量现有宽恕自我（FS）量表、Heartland宽恕量表（HFS）以及状态自我宽恕量表（SSFS）3种工具。有关自我宽恕的相关研究显示,自我宽恕与人格特质的关系还待探讨,而自我宽恕与心理健康水平有相关。未来的研究应深化自我宽恕的界定、拓展其研究方法、扩大其研究内容。     

Self-forgiveness and well-being: Does divine forgiveness matter?

ABSTRACT

A reliable association exists between self-forgiveness and well-being. But self-forgiveness and its correlates will not be fully understood without considering forgiveness by God or divine forgiveness, especially in light of the fact that the majority of the population identifies as religious. This study therefore examined the role of divine forgiveness in understanding the association between self-forgiveness and well-being using data collected from 435 young adults. Because well-being is not the absence of distress, this study examined whether self-forgiveness and divine forgiveness relate to psychological well-being and distress in the same way. Self-forgiveness and divine forgiveness were independently related to psychological well-being and distress even with religiosity statistically controlled. Divine forgiveness also moderated the relationship between self-forgiveness and psychological distress in that perceived forgiveness by God was associated with fewer depressive symptoms at lower but not higher levels of self-forgiveness. The implications for future research are outlined.     

亲子依恋与初中生人际宽恕的关系:一个有调节的中介模型

采用问卷法对浙江省四所初中的502名在校学生进行调查,探讨亲子依恋与人际宽恕的关系,提出一个有调节的中介模型,考察共情的中介作用和自尊的调节作用。结果发现:(1)亲子依恋对初中生人际宽恕既有直接预测作用,又可通过共情间接影响人际宽恕;(2)亲子依恋通过共情的间接效应受到自尊的调节,即相对于低自尊个体,共情对高自尊初中生亲子依恋与人际宽恕关系的影响更显著。本研究表明,安全的依恋关系有利于培养初中生的共情,进而促进人际宽恕,但是较低的自尊水平会阻碍共情作用的发挥。结果提示培养良好的亲子关系和提高自尊水平对于初中生宽恕品质的发展有重要作用。     

情绪调节策略对流动儿童主观幸福感的影响：自尊和心理弹性的序列中介作用

以639名流动儿童为被试,通过问卷调查探讨了认知重评和表达抑制两种情绪调节策略对流动儿童主观幸福感的影响及自尊和心理弹性的中介作用。结果表明：（1）认知重评既直接正向预测流动儿童的主观幸福感,又能通过自尊和心理弹性及自尊→心理弹性的序列中介作用间接预测流动儿童的主观幸福感。（2）表达抑制对流动儿童主观幸福感的直接预测不显著,但通过负向预测自尊和心理弹性及自尊→心理弹性的序列中介作用间接预测流动儿童的主观幸福感。     

老年人依恋对主观幸福感的影响:孤独感与自尊的中介作用

采用亲密关系经历量表（ECR）、UCLA孤独量表、罗森伯格自尊量表和纽芬兰纪念大学幸福感量表（MUNSH）对311名老年人进行调查,探讨老年人依恋对主观幸福感的影响,以及孤独感和自尊的中介作用。结果发现：（1）孤独感在依恋焦虑对主观幸福感的影响中起部分中介作用,孤独感在依恋回避对主观幸福感的影响中起完全中介作用;自尊在依恋焦虑、依恋回避对主观幸福感的影响中不起中介作用;（2）孤独感、自尊在依恋焦虑、依恋回避对主观幸福感的影响中起链式中介作用。     

体育锻炼对大学生主观幸福感的影响:人际关系困扰和自尊的中介作用

为考察影响体育锻炼与主观幸福感关系的内在机制,该研究采用体育锻炼量表、自尊量表、人际关系综合诊断量表以及Campbell主观幸福感指数量表对521名高校大学生进行调查.结果显示:(1)人际关系困扰与体育锻炼、自尊及主观幸福感呈显著负相关,体育锻炼、自尊、主观幸福感两两之间均呈显著正相关;(2)人际关系困扰和自尊在体育锻...     

Self-forgiveness in Psychology and Psychotherapy: A Critique

This critique proposes that self-forgiveness is a misleading and inaccurate concept for understanding the conditions to which it is applied. Besides the fact that traditional religion provides no rationale for self-forgiveness, four specific criticisms are presented. (1) Self-forgiveness causes splitting of the self—creating various problems. (2) It involves a conflict of interest between the self that judges and the self that is judged. (3) Through its extreme emphasis on the self, it promotes narcissism and appeals to narcissists. (4) Research indicates that interpersonal forgiveness and self or intrapersonal forgiveness involve different psychological processes. We conclude that self-acceptance is a more accurate and useful term for the process and benefits attributed to self-forgiveness.     

父母自尊与青少年主观幸福感间的关系:亲子信任与青少年自尊的链式中介作用

为了探讨父母自尊和青少年主观幸福感间的关系及其内在机制,本研究采用罗森伯格自尊量表、积极/消极情感量表、生活满意度量表和亲子信任关系量表,针对233对高中生及其父母进行调查。研究结果发现:(1)父母自尊与青少年主观幸福感显著正相关;(2)亲子信任在父母自尊与青少年主观幸福感之间起中介作用;(3)青少年自尊在父母自尊与青少年主观幸福感之间起中介作用;(4)亲子信任和青少年自尊在父母自尊与青少年主观幸福感之间起链式中介作用。该结果对于揭示影响青少年主观幸福感的因素,寻找到提升青少年主观幸福感的路径具有重要的理论和现实意义。     

The Mediating Effects of Self-Esteem and Trait Anxiety Mediate on the Impact of Locus of Control on Subjective Well-Being

Sense of control plays an important role in the psychological well-being of an individual. This study aims to investigate the impact of locus of control on subjective well-being (SWB). Participants include 400 undergraduates (214 men and 186 women) from four universities in China. Data were collected using the Adult Nowicki-Strickland Internal-External Locus of Control Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Trait Anxiety Scale, and SWB measures. Results suggested that locus of control, trait anxiety, and self-esteem were significantly correlated with SWB. Structural equation modeling results indicated that trait anxiety and self-esteem partially mediated the impact of locus of control on SWB. Moreover, bootstrap test revealed significant paths from locus of control to SWB through trait anxiety and self-esteem. Therefore, locus of control, trait anxiety, and self-esteem have significant impacts on SWB. Moreover, trait anxiety and self-esteem have a mediating effect on the impact of locus of control on subjective well-being.     

高自尊易宽恕?基于中国青少年样本的研究

目的:以中国青少年为被试样本,整合已有自尊与宽恕关系的研究,运用元分析技术,明晰二者之间的整体关系,分析以往研究结论产生分歧的原因。方法:采用中国知网、万方数据库、Web of Science等检索系统搜索自尊与宽恕的相关文献,遴选出符合元分析研究标准的有效文献31项,70个独立样本,共计被试31516名。结果:(1)自尊与宽恕间存在中度相关,自尊可正向预测宽恕,验证了高自尊者易宽恕。(2)自我宽恕比人际宽恕与自尊的关系更为密切。(3)宽恕测量工具、被试类别、宽恕结构对自尊与宽恕的关系调节作用明显,性别无显著调节效应。     

青少年网络利他行为与主观幸福感的关系——一个有中介的调节模型

对1376名青少年进行问卷调查,在控制人口统计学变量后,考察青少年网络利他行为、自尊、自我效能感和主观幸福感之间的关系。结果发现:(1)青少年的网络利他行为对主观幸福感有显著的正向预测作用;(2)自尊调节了网络利他行为与主观幸福感之间的关系;(3)自我效能感在自尊对网络利他行为和主观幸福感关系的调节效应中起完全中介作用。     

大学生主观幸福感与宽恕心理的现状及关系研究

采用主观幸福感问卷和Hearland宽恕量表对237名大学生进行问卷调查,综合探讨大学生主观幸福感与宽恕心理的现状及关系。研究发现：（1）大学生的主观幸福感总体处于中等水平,女生的生活满意度显著高于男生;不同年级大学生在生活满意度和主观幸福感出现显著差异。（2）大学生宽恕心理略高于中等水平,性别间无显著性差异。（3）大学生主观幸福感与宽恕心理呈正相关,女生主观幸福感与宽恕心理的相关显著高于男生。     

大学生自我价值感领域权变性与主观幸福感的关系

为了探讨自我价值感领域权变性与主观幸福感之间的关系,186名大学生参加了问卷调查。对调查数据进行了多元线性回归分析和结构方程建模分析。结果表明,自我价值感的人际接纳权变性对积极情感产生负向的直接效应,并通过自我价值感对积极情感和消极情感分别产生负向的和正向的间接效应;自我价值感的道德原则权变性则对生活满意度和积极情感均产生正向的直接效应,并通过自我价值感对积极情感和消极情感分别产生正向的和负向的间接效应。     

让小我融入大我:适恰自尊的积极心理学意义

本研究基于本土自尊理论,将建立在适度恰当满足大小我需要基础上的自尊称为“适恰自尊”,并从个体,人际与集体三个层面揭示其积极心理学意义。结果发现：（1）在个体层面,适恰自尊与青少年主观幸福感显著正相关;（2）在人际层面,适恰自尊会放大来自他人（即父母）适恰自尊对青少年主观幸福感的积极影响;（3）在集体层面,大学新生的适恰自尊与大我自尊显著正相关,并有利于大学新生在入学一年内通过逐步建立大我自尊和小我自尊满足多重基本心理需要。本研究通过揭示中国人理想型自尊的内涵和机制,将会助力中国人理性平和,积极向上社会心态的建立与提升。     

成年独生子女自尊水平和主观幸福感的特点及二者间的关系

运用滚雪球式方便取样方法对城市的100位成年独生子女和100位成年非独生子女进行了自尊水平和主观幸福感的测查。结果发现:(1)独生子女的自尊水平和主观幸福感的亚维度——生活满意度均显著高于非独生子女;(2)独生子女的主观幸福感和自尊水平呈现异质性,表现出显著性别和婚姻状况的差异;(3)与非独生子女不同,独生子女自尊水平与主观幸福感之间不存在显著关联。     

Influence of Internet-Based Messages and Personal Motivations on Water-Use Decisions

Terror management theory claims the quintessential indicator of cultural adherence is human self-esteem, and self-esteem is vital to suppressing death-thoughts into the unconscious to buffer against existential fear. Guilt—an emotional response to cultural-based rule violations—should therefore be an important motivation for self-forgiveness. In four studies, mortality salience, death-thought accessibility, and self-forgiveness were negligibly related, and offense severity, conciliatory behaviors, perceived forgiveness, and effort provided negligible moderation. In Study 1, results did not support the initial interactional-moderated-mediation model. In three follow-up studies, experimental-causal-chain analyses had unsupportive findings. I provide implications for theory and research.     

Victim and offender accounts of interpersonal conflict: autobiographical narratives of forgiveness and unforgiveness

Participants wrote 2 narratives that described an incident in which they angered or hurt someone (offender) or in which someone angered or hurt them (victim) and the offense was forgiven or not forgiven. Victims portrayed the offense as continuing (open), and offenders portrayed the offense as over (closed). Forgiveness narratives portrayed offenses as closed and with positive outcomes; however, for some victims, forgiveness coincided with continued anger, suggesting incomplete forgiveness. Dispositional empathy was associated with more benign interpretations of offenses, and situational empathy (e.g., for the offender) was associated with victims' forgiveness. In contrast, offenders' empathy for victims was associated with less self-forgiveness. Thus, both victim or offender role and forgiveness must be considered to understand narratives of interpersonal offenses.     

自尊对主观幸福感的影响：有调节的中介效应

采用问卷法调查了1084名高一至大四的学生,探讨了自尊、主观幸福感、自我怀疑及抑郁的关系。结果发现：自尊在自我怀疑与主观幸福感之间起部分中介作用,这一中介作用的实现受到抑郁的调节,即自尊对主观幸福感的影响是有调节的中介效应。     

Religiously or spiritually-motivated forgiveness and subsequent health and well-being among young adults: An outcome-wide analysis

ABSTRACT

This study performs an outcome-wide analysis to prospectively examine the associations of forgiveness (including forgiveness of others, self-forgiveness and divine forgiveness) with a range of psychosocial, mental, behavioral and physical health outcomes. Data from the Nurses’ Health Study II and the Growing Up Today Study (Ns ranged from 5,246 to 6,994, depending on forgiveness type and outcome) with 3 or 6 years of follow-up were analyzed using generalized estimating equations. Bonferroni correction was used to correct for multiple testing. All models controlled for sociodemographic characteristics, prior religious service attendance, prior maternal attachment and prior values of the outcome variables. All forgiveness measures were positively associated with all psychosocial well-being outcomes, and inversely associated with depressive and anxiety symptoms. There was little association between forgiveness and behavioral or physical health outcomes. Forgiveness may be understood as a good itself, and may also lead to better psychosocial well-being and mental health.     

Maladaptive correlates of the failure to forgive self and others: further evidence for a two-component model of forgiveness

In a sample composed of 162 young adults, we examined the generalizability of an orthogonal, 2-component model of forgiveness previously reported by Ross, Kendall, Matters, Rye, and Wrobel (2004). Furthermore, we examined the relationship of these two components with maladaptive personality characteristics as measured by the Schedule for Nonadaptive and Adaptive Personality (SNAP; Clark, 1993), with an emphasis on Five-factor model markers of personality. Using multiple measures of forgiveness, principal components analysis supported a 2-component model representing self-forgiveness and other forgiveness. Despite the independence of self-forgiveness and other forgiveness, zero order correlations with SNAP scales supported convergent more than discriminant validity. In contrast, hierarchical multiple regression analyses emphasized the discriminant validity of self-forgiveness and other forgiveness. Among indices of Neuroticism, Extraversion, and Agreeableness, Negative Temperament (+) was the sole predictor of self-forgiveness. In contrast, Positive Temperament (+), Aggression (-), and Histrionic PD (-) were most associated with other forgiveness. Overall, these findings support the validity of these factors and highlight the importance of self-forgiveness in clinical assessment.