关于建立社区科学健康管理系统的模式探讨

健康管理是协调居民个体健康与医疗卫生资源,实现以人为本的医学科学发展观的重要体现.然而,目前中国并未建立起科学有效的健康管理系统.通过归纳国外相对成熟的健康管理政策、方案,分析国内外普遍存在的健康管理问题和挑战,为我国根据国内实际情况探索健康管理系统的建立和发展提供参考.     

Broadening Mental Health Services to Disadvantaged Communities in South Africa: Reflections on Establishing a Community Based Internship

The need to provide mental health services in disadvantaged communities remains a priority in South Africa. This paper illustrates how in consultation and partnership with the peri-urban community of Jamestown, a counselling psychology internship was established to provide a range of mental health services at a primary health clinic. We describe how the internship also became an important catalyst for other community interventions. We also illustrate how values of community psychology informed the establishment and foci of the internship. Tensions encountered in reconciling community needs and professional training requirements discussed include the lack of resources at the primary health care level, the bio-medical bias of the primary health setting, and addressing the needs articulated by the community for more direct interventions.     

Establishing operations

The first two books on behavior analysis (Skinner, 1938; Keller & Schoenfeld, 1950) had chapter-length coverage of motivation. The next generation of texts also had chapters on the topic, but by the late 1960s it was no longer being given much treatment in the behavior-analytic literature. The present failure to deal with the topic leaves a gap in our understanding of operant functional relations. A partial solution is to reintroduce the concept of the establishing operation, defined as an environmental event, operation, or stimulus condition that affects an organism by momentarily altering (a) the reinforcing effectiveness of other events and (b) the frequency of occurrence of that part of the organism's repertoire relevant to those events as consequences. Discriminative and motivative variables can be distinguished as follows: The former are related to the differential availability of an effective form of reinforcement given a particular type of behavior; the latter are related to the differential reinforcing effectiveness of environmental events. An important distinction can also be made between unconditioned establishing operations (UEOs), such as food deprivation and painful stimulation, and conditioned establishing operations (CEOs) that depend on the learning history of the organism. One type of CEO is a stimulus that has simply been paired with a UEO and as a result may take on some of the motivative properties of that UEO. The warning stimulus in avoidance procedures is another important type of CEO referred to as reflexive because it establishes its own termination as a form of reinforcement and evokes the behavior that has accomplished such termination. Another CEO is closely related to the concept of conditional conditioned reinforcement and is referred to as a transitive CEO, because it establishes some other stimulus as a form of effective reinforcement and evokes the behavior that has produced that other stimulus. The multiple control of human behavior is very common, and is often quite complex. An understanding of unlearned and learned establishing operations can contribute to our ability to identify and control the various components of such multiple determination.     

The Potential of the Hybrid Course Vis‐à‐Vis Online and Traditional Courses

Abstract. Face‐to‐face, hybrid, and online courses are part of the panoply of course options available to students and teachers in the twenty‐first century. This essay tackles the promise of hybrid courses for enhancing student learning in seminary contexts. The author contends that the introduction of hybrid instruction prompts faculty to revisit questions about pedagogy and improves student learning.     

The Online Theology Classroom: Strategies for Engaging a Community of Distance Learners in a Hybrid Model of Online Education

One factor contributing to success in online education is the creation of a safe and vibrant virtual community and sustained, lively engagement with that community of learners. In order to create and engage such a community instructors must pay special attention to the relationship between technology and pedagogy, specifically in terms of issues such as course design, social presence, specially tailored assignments, learner expectations, and objectives, and facilitation of sustained engagement with the course material, fellow learners, and the instructor. Several strategies for accomplishing this goal are presented here based on the author's experiences teaching second‐career students in hybrid introductory theology courses at a mainline denominational seminary.     

Establishing a Reputation

The positive effects of a favorable reputation on one's career are well known. What is less established is how reputations are developed and spread throughout an organization. When integrated, a variety of theories can provide a better understanding of personal reputation. Calling upon sense making, role theory, gossip, and a variety of other paradigms, the authors present a model of personal reputation in organizations.     

Establishing and accessing referents in discourse

Memory & Cognition - Four experiments explored the processes by which people understand references. Subjects read naturalistic stories one sentence at a time, and their reading-comprehension...     

Establishing sustainable strategies in urban underground engineering

Growth of urban areas, the corresponding increased demand for utility services and the possibility of new types of utility systems are overcrowding near surface underground space with urban utilities. Available subsurface space will continue to diminish to the point where utilidors (utility tunnels) may become inevitable. Establishing future sustainable strategies in urban underground engineering consists of the ability to lessen the use of traditional trenching. There is an increasing interest in utility tunnels for urban areas as a sustainable technique to avoid congestion of the subsurface. One of the principal advantages of utility tunnels is the substantially lower environmental impact compared with common trenches. Implementing these underground facilities is retarded most by the initial cost and management procedures. The habitual procedure is to meet problems as they arise in current practice. The moral imperative of sustainable strategies fails to confront the economic and political conflicts of interest. Municipal engineers should act as a key enabler in urban underground sustainable development.     

Using the Web in Religious Studies Courses

SUMMARY

This article describes various in-class assignments and experiments using Web-based assignments conducted in religious studies courses over the past three years. The author notes both the advantages and disadvantages of using the Internet with students. While a number of advantages accrue to teachers, some concerns remain: lack of Web literacy, cost and access for students, copyright considerations, beta-testing course assignments, and grading final results. Nevertheless, students gain practical experience using the Internet, evaluating sources, reading primary source texts, and conducting research for projects. For these reasons the author plans to continue to integrate Web assignments into courses.     

社区变迁与社区建设的沿革

社区是指聚集在相对独立的区域内,通过社会交往而形成的人口共同体.本文首先从社会史学的角度勾勒了人类社区发展演变的三种形态,即血缘型社区、地缘型社区和业缘型社区的各自结构特征;然后结合对20世纪中叶展开的国际社区发展运动的回顾,分析了当代社会社区建设运动的兴起和国内社区建设的主要模式.     

The Educational Community as In-tentional Community

This paper reassesses a perennial concern of philosophy of education: the nature of the educational community and the role of the teacher in relation to such a community. As an entry point into this broader question, we turn to Philosophy for children (P4C), which has consistently emphasized the importance of community. Yet, not unlike pragmatist notions of community more broadly, the P4C community has largely focused on the goal-directed, purposive, aspect of the process of inquiry. The purpose of our paper is to move beyond P4C (as it has traditionally been conceived) in order to theorize a non-instrumental, in-tentional, educational community without pre-conceived goals or intentions. Drawing largely from the work of Italian philosopher Giorgio Agamben, we describe the P4C-classroom as one that refuses to be operative (moving forward toward reaching common goals) and thus undermines the taken-for-granted logic of means and ends that underlies how educational communities are typically depicted and justified. Again drawing from Agamben, we identify the specific ways in which the experience of love and friendship (both of which are pure means rather than means to an end) constitute the in-tentional community. The silence of the voice of the teacher enables the experience of love and friendship to come about. Being included as an exclusion via his/her silence, the teacher is neither immanent (facilitator of student learning) nor transcendent (outside or beyond learning) but alongside the community as a paradigm of friendship.