情绪词编码的不同方式对ECM的影响

该研究采用ECM实验范式,操纵被试编码阶段加工方式,分析被试情绪状态与记忆成绩之间关系。情绪电影片段诱发被试高兴或悲伤情绪后,要求被试在学习情绪词时进行有意记忆或熟悉判断或结构判断,完成分心任务后进行自由回忆。结果发现:高兴组和悲伤组采用三种加工方式学习情绪词时均出现ECM;在高兴或悲伤状态下,被试进行结构判断学习情绪词时ECM效应量大,进行有意记忆和熟悉判断学习情绪词时ECM效应量小。     

情绪一致性编码与情绪一致性提取的非对称性研究

采用情绪一致性记忆范式,探索情绪一致性编码与提取之间的关系。两个实验先后选取180名普通大学生和180名普通中学生做被试,情绪电影片段诱发被试在编码或提取阶段高兴或悲伤的情绪状态,被试在学习情绪词后完成分心任务再进行自由回忆。实验分别控制被试在编码或提取时的情绪状态和被试在学习情绪词时的加工策略。结果发现:长时记忆存在情绪一致性编码和情绪一致性提取效应,但是不同加工策略下情绪一致性提取存在差异,情绪渗透模型无法解释该差异。结果表明,从行为研究层面发现情绪一致性编码与提取存在非对称性。     

前瞻记忆的情绪一致性反转效应

采用经典双任务实验范式,探讨前瞻记忆的情绪一致性效应及其理论模型。情绪电影片段诱发被试高兴或悲伤情绪后,观察被试在高兴、悲伤和自然情绪状态下的前瞻记忆任务和当前任务的成绩。结果发现,情绪一致性前瞻记忆出现反转效应,即在高兴背景下前瞻记忆负性词比正性词成绩好,在悲伤背景下前瞻记忆正性词比负性词成绩好。实验结果支持前瞻记忆的注意—搜索模型,不支持自动激活模型。     

高兴和悲伤电影片段诱发情绪的有效性和时间进程

选取269名大学生为被试,探讨情绪电影片段诱发被试高兴和悲伤情绪的有效性和时间进程.待被试稳定情绪后观看情绪电影片段,分别采用主观报告和心率、指温、皮电、指脉率、血氧饱和度、心率等心理生理反应的指标,获取被试观看高兴和悲伤电影片段时的前测和后测成绩并进行了分析比较.结果发现: (1)高兴影片能诱发被试高兴情绪,高兴情绪唤醒后,3分钟内处于一般偏上的状态且显著高于基线水平. (2)悲伤影片能诱发被试悲伤情绪,悲伤情绪唤醒后.5分钟内处于一般偏上的状态且显著高于基线水平.     

抑郁情绪下不同反应方式对面孔表情加工的影响

采用电影片段诱发被试的抑郁情绪,将诱发后的被试分为沉思组和分心组,分别对悲伤面孔和中性面孔刺激进行沉思或分心的反应,并用事件相关电位技术(ERP)探讨抑郁情绪下不同反应方式对个体面孔表情加工的影响。行为数据结果发现沉思组实验任务结束后的抑郁情绪值(T2)比分心组更高;实验任务结束后沉思组抑郁情绪值增高,而分心组降低;脑电数据结果发现N1波未受反应方式的影响;沉思组比分心组诱发出更大的晚期峰值的正电位(LPP)峰值;沉思组Pz点LPP峰值最高,而分心组不同电极并无显著差异。该研究结果表明抑郁情绪下不同反应方式会影响个体对于面孔表情的判断,主要体现在面孔表情的晚期加工阶段。     

具体情绪对个体建议采纳的影响

通过两个实验探讨了不同评价倾向的情绪对个体建议采纳的影响.实验1采用视频片段诱发被试的恐惧和愤怒情绪,实验2则采用视频片段诱发悲伤和厌恶情绪,根据JAS范式,两个实验均采用硬币估计任务来衡量建议采纳程度.结果 表明:(1)不同情绪对建议采纳程度的影响不同,恐惧情绪状态下被试的建议采纳程度要高于愤怒情绪和中性情绪状态下的...     

具体情绪与人格特质对决策信息加工过程的影响

研究选取120名大学生,探讨了具体情绪与人格特质对平均决策时间、决策的信息搜索深度和决策的信息搜索模式的影响。结果发现:(1)在平均决策时间上,具体情绪与人格特质主效应显著,并且交互影响决策的信息加工过程。在悲伤情绪下,内控型比外控型人格的个体平均决策时间要长。内控型个体在悲伤情绪比高兴情绪状态下平均决策时间长。(2)在决策信息搜索深度上,具体情绪与人格特质主效应显著,并且交互影响决策的信息加工过程。在悲伤情绪下,内控型比外控型人格的个体信息搜索深度要深。内控型个体在悲伤情绪比高兴情绪状态下信息搜索深度要深。(3)在决策信息搜索模式上,具体情绪与人格特质主效应显著,但两者交互作用不显著。内控型比外控型人格特质的被试在悲伤状态下更倾向于基于选项加工,内控型个体在悲伤状态比在高兴状态下也倾向于选项加工,而外控型个体在高兴情绪状态比在悲伤情绪状态下更倾向于线索加工。     

否定情绪词的具身动态模拟过程

实验1和实验2分别以“（不）+积极/消极情绪词”和“（不）+愤怒/悲伤情绪词”形式的情绪词语或否定短语作为实验材料,分别采取词-图匹配范式和趋近-回避范式,以否定加工的早期（250ms）和中后期（1000ms）两种探测时间,探讨否定对情绪词效价与动机维度加工是否符合否定的两步模拟假设。结果发现,否定情绪效价部分符合否定的两步模拟假设,早期以被否定的情绪状态模拟为主,即不高兴会首先激活高兴;中后期,否定消极词和积极词都被理解为积极;否定情绪动机维度并不符合否定的两步模拟假设,否定对愤怒与悲伤的趋近－回避的影响出现在否定加工中后期,否定改变愤怒的动机方向,由趋近变为回避,却没有改变悲伤的动机方向,悲伤仍表现为回避。本研究证明否定对情绪词的效价和动机维度部分符合两步模拟假设,否定情绪词有其特定的加工过程,各维度加工有所不同。     

外显与内隐记忆的情绪一致性效应

基于Yonelinas等双加工信号检测模型对再认记忆测验中外显记忆与内隐记忆分离的方法,以96名大学生为被试,考察了诱发抑郁与非临床抑郁状态下外显和内隐记忆的情绪一致性效应。结果表明诱发抑郁组和非临床抑郁组对抑郁词的外显记忆成绩显著高于对中性词和愉快词;对抑郁词的内隐记忆成绩亦显著高于对中性词和愉快词,且显著高于控制组对抑郁词的内隐记忆成绩。情绪一致性记忆效应在非临床抑郁个体和诱发抑郁个体的外显和内隐记忆中均存在。     

词—面孔任务中的情绪效价冲突效应及性别差异

从中国情绪面孔系统和现代汉语情感词系统中分别选取两种情绪效价的表情面孔(愉快、悲伤)和情绪词(积极、消极),运用词—面孔范式,以60名大学生为被试,探讨了情绪效价冲突效应及性别差异。结果表明:(1)面孔的情绪类型主效应显著,悲伤面孔反应时长于愉快面孔;(2)词和面孔的情绪效价冲突性主效应显著,情绪效价一致条件下的反应时短于情绪效价不一致条件的反应时;(3)表情面孔的情绪类型、词和面孔情绪效价的冲突性、被试性别三者的交互作用显著,简单效应分析表明女性在词和面孔情绪效价不一致条件下对悲伤表情的判别反应时短于男性。     

Effects of emotional state on lexical decision performance

The effect of emotional state on lexical processing was investigated. Subjects were randomly assigned to either a happy or sad mood condition. Emotional state was then induced by listening to 8 min of classical music previously rated to induce happy or sad moods. Response times and error rates were analyzed in a lexical decision task involving sad words, happy words, and pseudowords. Results suggest that emotion aided the participants in responding to emotion-congruent stimuli. The sad group responded faster than the happy group to sad words and the happy group responded faster than the sad group to happy words. Results are discussed with regard to information processing and emotion.     

Effects of induced emotional state on lexical processing in younger and older adults

The authors investigated the effects of an induced emotional mood state on lexical decision task (LDT) performance in 50 young adults and 25 older adults. Participants were randomly assigned to either happy or sad mood induction conditions. An emotional mood state was induced by having the participants listen to 8 min of classical music previously rated to induce happy or sad moods. Results replicated previous studies with young adults (i.e., sad-induced individuals responded faster to sad words and happy-induced individuals responded faster to happy words) and extended this pattern to older adults. Results are discussed with regard to information processing, aging, and emotion.     

Effects of Induced Emotional State on Lexical Processing in Younger and Older Adults

The authors investigated the effects of an induced emotional mood state on lexical decision task (LDT) performance in 50 young adults and 25 older adults. Participants were randomly assigned to either happy or sad mood induction conditions. An emotional mood state was induced by having the participants listen to 8 min of classical music previously rated to induce happy or sad moods. Results replicated previous studies with young adults (i.e., sad-induced individuals responded faster to sad words and happy-induced individuals responded faster to happy words) and extended this pattern to older adults. Results are discussed with regard to information processing, aging, and emotion.     

Emotional mood and memory in young children

Two experiments examined affect-dependent memory with preschool/kindergarten and third-grade children. A two-list intentional learning procedure was used to assess the effects of the congruent versus incongruent relationship between affect (happy vs sad) during initial list learning and affect (happy vs sad) during a delayed recall test. When induction of emotional mood was preceded by relaxation exercises in Experiment 1, no evidence of affect dependence was observed. When the relaxation procedure was omitted in Experiment 2, the affect-dependent pattern was obtained in both free recall and cued recall for both age groups. The results of Experiment 2 show that affect-dependent memory is a reasonably robust phenomenon in children and that hypnosis is not necessary for its appearance. However, the phenomenon is apparently absent under conditions of relaxation, a result consistent with two-factor theories of emotion.     

Updating positive and negative stimuli in working memory in depression

Difficulties in the ability to update stimuli in working memory (WM) may underlie the problems with regulating emotions that lead to the development and perpetuation of mood disorders such as depression. To examine the ability to update affective material in WM, the authors had diagnosed depressed and never-disordered control participants perform an emotion 2-back task in which participants were presented with a series of happy, sad, and neutral faces and were asked to indicate whether the current face had the same (match-set) or different (break-set or no-set) emotional expression as that presented 2 faces earlier. Participants also performed a 0-back task with the same emotional stimuli to serve as a control for perceptual processing. After transforming reaction times to control for baseline group differences, depressed and nondepressed participants exhibited biases in updating emotional content that reflects the tendency to keep negative information and positive information, respectively, active in WM. Compared with controls, depressed participants were both slower to disengage from sad stimuli and faster to disengage from happy facial expressions. In contrast, nondepressed controls took longer to disengage from happy stimuli than from neutral or sad stimuli. These group differences in reaction times may reflect both protective and maladaptive biases in WM that underlie the ability to effectively regulate negative affect.     

More than words (and faces): evidence for a Stroop effect of prosody in emotion word processing

Humans typically combine linguistic and nonlinguistic information to comprehend emotions. We adopted an emotion identification Stroop task to investigate how different channels interact in emotion communication. In experiment 1, synonyms of “happy” and “sad” were spoken with happy and sad prosody. Participants had more difficulty ignoring prosody than ignoring verbal content. In experiment 2, synonyms of “happy” and “sad” were spoken with happy and sad prosody, while happy or sad faces were displayed. Accuracy was lower when two channels expressed an emotion that was incongruent with the channel participants had to focus on, compared with the cross-channel congruence condition. When participants were required to focus on verbal content, accuracy was significantly lower also when prosody was incongruent with verbal content and face. This suggests that prosody biases emotional verbal content processing, even when conflicting with verbal content and face simultaneously. Implications for multimodal communication and language evolution studies are discussed.     

Being Happy and Seeing 'Happy' ': Emotional State Mediates Visual Word Recognition

Lexical decision and word-naming experiments were conducted to examine influences of emotions in visual word recognition. Emotional states of happiness and sadness were induced with classical music. In the first two experiments, happy and sad participants (and neutral-emotion participants in Experiment 2) made lexical decisions about letter-strings, some of which were words with meanings strongly associated with the emotions happiness, love, sadness, and anger. Emotional state of the perceiver was associated with facilitation of response to words categorically related to that emotion (i.e. happy and sad words). However, such facilitation was not observed for words that were related by valence, but not category, to the induced emotions (i.e. love and anger words). Evidence for categorical influences of emotional state in word recognition was also observed in a third experiment that employed a word-naming task. Together the results support a categorical emotions model of the influences of emotion in information processing (Niedenthal, Setterlund, & Jones, 1994). Moreover, the result of the wordnaming experiment suggests that the effects of emotion are evident at very early stages in cognitive processing.     

负性情境诱导下抑郁个体的情绪Stroop效应：ERPs研究

运用ERPs技术探讨了正常和抑郁个体在中性和负性情境诱导下的情绪Stroop效应。结果发现正常被试在负性情境下对中性词判断的错误率比在中性情境下更高,对负性词加工的P1波幅减小、N1增大,出现了Stroop效应;抑郁被试在两种情境下对负性词加工的P1和 N1波幅没有差异。研究结果提示,抑郁个体在负性情境下出现注意脱离困难和资源不足,难以解决情绪冲突任务,支持了注意脱离损伤假说,并进一步说明抑郁个体的情绪选择性注意加工会受到心境一致性状态的影响,因过多的注意资源卷入从而出现负性情绪调节不良。实验结果为探讨抑郁个体对负性情绪的注意加工和调节过程提供了来自电生理的证据。     

The effect of regulation goals on emotional event-specific knowledge

The constructivist nature of autobiographical memory leaves its retrieval susceptible to biases based on the current context. The present study addressed the hypothesis that the same memory could be recalled differently depending on a person's current regulation goals. In Experiment 1, a total of 58 participants recalled three events at a baseline session and again 2 weeks later when expecting to meet with an emotional individual. Individuals expecting to meet with a happy individual decreased the negative—and more specifically sad—words they used compared to the baseline session, whereas those expecting to meet with a sad individual showed the reverse effect. These findings were constrained by individual differences in extraversion. Significant effects were confined to events recalled second in order, suggesting the changes in emotional details might be due to controlled, regulatory processes. Using a false memory list-learning paradigm, Experiment 2 ruled out an alternative interpretation of the findings and confirmed that individuals can bias their memory in accord with regulation goals.