太虚大师的佛耶对话与人间佛教的肇始

近代中国佛教面临内外困境亟待革新,20世纪早期传教士对待佛教的态度也开始转变。在此背景下,佛教与基督教在民国初期进行了有效的交流对话。其中,太虚大师既从佛教本位出发对基督教神学教义进行了批判,也在佛教革新过程中发挥大乘佛教善巧方便的智慧对基督教现代性组织、传教方式等进行了借鉴。近代的新教期刊《教务杂志》中对太虚大师的基督教神学观及其对基督教现代方式的借鉴也有所反映,同时对太虚大师的改革与现代佛教的兴起多有涉及。太虚大师吸收借鉴基督教现代化经验对中国佛教所进行的革新运动,推动了近代中国佛教的现代化进程,书写了人间佛教的序章。     

基督教的佛教文化批戴——试析艾香德创建的传教中心的文字

20世纪上半叶,挪威传教士艾香德通过中国文化批戴,尤其是佛教文化批戴的方式在华传播基督教。他创建的传教中心以佛耶内在逻辑为主导,挖掘了耶佛教义的联系点,也发挥了耶佛对话的作用,实现了耶佛教义一定程度上的融合。     

论清政府对基督教在公立学校传播的政策

自洋务运动起,同文馆、京师大学堂等近代新式学校陆续成立。面对传教士的基督教宣传,晚清政府以儒学为圣教,明令禁止教员在公立学校教授基督教。禁令虽没有遏制住传教士在公立学校传教,但传教效果并不理想,学生多不信基督教。清政府对教育主权的维护、中国传统文化的渗透、科学理性精神的影响一定程度上遏制了基督教在公立学校的传播。     

着力在“导”上下功夫 不断加强和改进新时代宗教工作北大核心CSSCISSCI

重庆是一座具有三千多年历史的文化名城,历史上曾是重要交通枢纽,宗教文化源远流长,底蕴深厚。佛教、道教于东汉时期传入重庆,文化遗产遗迹众多,大足石刻佛教造像群是驰名中外的世界文化遗产,梁平双桂堂被尊为西南禅宗祖庭。元末明初,伊斯兰教随着穆斯林进入重庆而开始传入。鸦片战争以后,天主教、基督教传教士开始进入重庆传教。     

着力在“导”上下功夫不断加强和改进新时代宗教工作

正重庆是一座具有三千多年历史的文化名城,历史上曾是重要交通枢纽,宗教文化源远流长,底蕴深厚。佛教、道教于东汉时期传入重庆,文化遗产遗迹众多,大足石刻佛教造像群是驰名中外的世界文化遗产,梁平双桂堂被尊为西南禅宗祖庭。元末明初,伊斯兰教随着穆斯林进入重庆而开始传入。鸦片战争以后,天主教、基督教传教士开始进入重庆传教。抗战时期,佛教、伊斯兰     

侨居者与文化适应：考察近代传教士在华活动的一个视角——以福建地区为例

考察近代传教士在华活动一个重要视角是传教士“侨居者”的角色与身份,这一长期在学界研究中处于“隐形”地位的现象从另一层面反映基督教在区域社会传播中呈现的常态化的表征。通过以福建地区为中心的考察,阐述近代来华传教士在多个方面适应于中国地方社会活动与发展的需要,提醒我们在中国基督教区域史研究中,应积极关注基督教全球地域化过程中所不可忽略的地方“情境化”之现象。     

近代基督教在西藏的传播研究状况述评

文章对我国学界关于近代基督教在西藏的传播研究进行了系统地评述。近20年来,学界主要围绕西方传教士入藏传教的动机、历史过程及其影响、基督教在西藏传播的失败原因、基督教与藏传佛教的交流和冲撞等问题进行了研究。     

基督教新教何时传入中国

长期以来,学术界和基督教界人士大都认为新教传入中国,是以英国伦敦会的马礼逊(Robert Morrison,1782-1834)1807年来华为标志的,因此马礼逊通常被看作是新教第一位来华的传教士。马礼逊在近代基督教来华传播史上具有重要的地位和影响,同时对东西方文化的交流,客观上起到了一定的作用,这点毋庸置疑。但倘若把他作为新教的第一位传教士来定位,并因此得出新教由此传入, 则显然有不顾史实之嫌。笔者冒昧置疑,以此文抛砖引玉,还望方家指点迷津。     

十七、十八世纪岭南与越南的佛教交流

十七、十八世纪是岭南与越南佛教交流史上的一个高潮期,不仅体现为大量的岭南禅师赴越南弘扬佛法,为越南佛教的复兴和发展奠定人才基础,还体现为越南禅师之北上岭南习禅、取法和越南对中国佛教典籍的输入和刊印。通过这种南来北往的民间禅学交流,促进了岭南文化在海外的传播和影响,也为越南民族文化的发展起到了积极的推动作用。     

“入华”与“融华”——比较景教与佛教东渐来华的不同遭遇

当两种不同的文化有所接触时,必然发生相互激荡。从宗教的观点而官,基督教和佛教都是超越文化的。然而从人类文化现象来看,两者若想在抽象的理念信仰之外融入生活,它势必是一种文化,必然在文化的范围之内。抽象的信仰理念要生存要发展就必须适当地世俗化。基督教自唐代以来有四次入华传教的经历,即唐朝景教的传播、元朝也里可温教的入华兴衰、明清之际天主教的传入、以及鸦片战争前后基督教各派的相继传入。同样是外来宗教来华,基督教和佛教却有着截然不同的遭遇。本文想以佛教初传来华的经历为衬,通过景教与佛教两者不同经历的比较,分析一下基督教(景教)在唐朝传播最终失败的原因。     

Wittgenstein and the Dualism of the Inner and the Outer

A dualism characteristic of modern philosophy is the conception of the inner and the outer as two independently intelligible domains. Wittgenstein’s attack on this dualism contains deep insights. The main insight (excavated from §304 and §293 of the Philosophical Investigations) is this: our sensory consciousness is deeply shaped by language and this shaping plays a fundamental role in the etiology of the dualism. I locate this role in the learning of a sensation-language (as described in §244), by showing that this learning is, under another aspect, the incision of language, namely the infliction of cuts upon certain natural-primitive unities between the inner and the outer. These cuts, driven by powerful forces, eventually harden into an entrenched division between the inner and the outer, thereby providing a constant soil for the dualism. That this dualism is rooted in the very learning of a language is cause for ambivalence about language.     

Peter McHugh and Analysis: The One and the Many, the Universal and the Particular, the Whole and the Part

This paper takes the passing of Peter McHugh as an occasion to examine the intellectual development of his work. The paper is mainly focused on the product of his collaboration with his colleague and friend, Alan Blum. As such, it addresses the tradition of social inquiry, Analysis, which they cofounded. It traces the influence of Harold Garfinkel’s Ethnomethodology on McHugh and on the beginning of Analysis. The collaboration with Blum is examined through a variety of coauthored works but most especially in the two books On the Beginning of Social Inquiry (1974) and Self Reflection in the Arts and Sciences (1984). It also examines the relation of his independent writing before 1974, and since 1984 to the expression of the tradition of inquiry as exemplified in those two texts. The paper builds on some interview material with Peter McHugh and reflects on the influence of Peter the teacher as well as the theorist McHugh. Most especially, through its engagement with this material, it seeks to exemplify the dialectic and living nature of the program called Analysis.     

Yin and Yang,and the Hot and the Cold

Yin and Yang are important concepts in ancient Chinese philosophy.Western scholars have become more familiar with these two concepts recently,but for a long time almost no one considered comparing them with their own tradition such as the ancient Greek philosophy,and especially with the ideas of the Hot and the Cold in Presocratic philosophy.In this paper,I make an attempt to do exactly that,and especially make a detailed comparison between the thoughts of two ancient thinkers:Laozi and Anaximander.I discuss the thought of Yin and Yang in Laozi-who was the earliest philosopher making use of the concepts Yin and Yang-to express his cosmological thought in ancient Chinese philosophy.Comparatively,I discuss the ideas of the Hot and the Cold in Anaximander,the earlier among Presocratic philosophers referring to the Hot and the Cold as fundamental concepts used to establish his cosmological system.Through this comparison,I indicate that the similarity between ancient Chinese and Western traditions is far more significant than what people are used to imagining.     

经济全球化与东西方宗教

本文认为,由于科技的高度发展,信息网络技术的普及,经济全球化已成为不可逆转的发展趋势;而经济全球化必然带来东西方宗教的种种变化。作者从传统宗教的复兴、民族宗教的冲突、宗教与政治的结缘。宗教的普世化与本色化、新兴宗教的异军突起及东西方宗教的交流与融合等６个方面分析了当前东西方宗教的这种发展趋势。     

Glossolalia and the psychology of the self and narcissism

A survey of the religious and psychological literature on glossolalia (speaking in tongues) reviews the various ways that have been used to try to understand this fascinating practice. At the present time an impasse has been reached: glossolalists can no longer be viewed as suffering from psychopathological disorders or from sociological deprivation. Insights derived from the psychology of the self and narcissism, as presented in the works of Heinz Kohut and D.W. Winnicott, are used to suggest new approaches to understand glossolalia.     

Belief and the problem of Ulysses and the sirens

While self-contained, this paper is a sequel to my Belief and the Will (1984); see theBibliographical Note at the end of this paper for a survey of the relevant literature since then and supplementary references. I have meanwhile benefitted greatly from Brad Armendt's commentary and Richard Foley's How should future opinion affect current opinion?, both presented at a symposium at the APA Central Division, April 1993.     

Spontaneity and Self-Consciousness in the Groundwork and the B-Critique

ABSTRACT

According to some influential readings of the Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, the view presented there of the kind of spontaneity we are conscious of through theoretical reason and the significance of such self-consciousness is irremediably at odds with the Critical theory, and thus roundly and rightly rejected in the second edition of the Critique of Pure Reason and the Critique of Practical Reason. This paper argues, on the contrary, that the Groundwork can be read as articulating for the first time the account of self-consciousness and spontaneity that Kant goes on to develop in the B-Critique, especially the B-Transcendental Deduction.