Synergistic Information Processing Encrypts Strategic Reasoning in Poker

There is a tendency in decision‐making research to treat uncertainty only as a problem to be overcome. But it is also a feature that can be leveraged, particularly in social interaction. Comparing the behavior of profitable and unprofitable poker players, we reveal a strategic use of information processing that keeps decision makers unpredictable. To win at poker, a player must exploit public signals from others. But using public inputs makes it easier for an observer to reconstruct that player's strategy and predict his or her behavior. How should players trade off between exploiting profitable opportunities and remaining unexploitable themselves? Using a recent multivariate approach to information theoretic data analysis and 1.75 million hands of online two‐player No‐Limit Texas Hold'em, we find that the important difference between winning and losing players is not in the amount of information they process, but how they process it. In particular, winning players are better at integrative information processing—creating new information from the interaction between their cards and their opponents’ signals. We argue that integrative information processing does not just produce better decisions, it makes decision‐making harder for others to reverse engineer, as an expert poker player's cards act like the private key in public‐key cryptography. Poker players encrypt their reasoning with the way they process information. The encryption function of integrative information processing makes it possible for players to exploit others while remaining unexploitable. By recognizing the act of information processing as a strategic behavior in its own right, we offer a detailed account of how experts use endemic uncertainty to conceal their intentions in high‐stakes competitive environments, and we highlight new opportunities between cognitive science, information theory, and game theory.     

A Local Connectionist Account of Consonant Harmony in Child Language

This study represents an attempt to sketch a processing model of phonological development in children acquiring their first language. The investigation is framed within a local connectionist network in which activation spreads between levels and inhibition within levels. Three ways are focused on in which an emergent processing system may diverge from a fully developed one—hypoactivation (too little activation due to underdeveloped links), hyperactivation (too much activation due to overloaded links) and impaired self‐inhibition. With a view to determining how children's productions relate to these three “error mechanisms,” one widespread phonological process, consonant harmony, is subjected to examination. Hypoactivation is found to capture the great majority of harmonic patterns. Hyperactivation and impaired self‐inhibition play a more marginal role and are only needed to account for exceptional cases of harmony. The feasibility of the psycholinguistic model is demonstrated with the help of computer simulations that were run with noise on both fully developed and developing networks. The model makes a number of predictions including the claim that difficult sounds are acquired in coda positions first.     

论医务人员在医疗事故技术鉴定过程中的法律地位

目前,医疗事故技术鉴定过程中忽视了医务人员应有的地位。从法律规定和程序正义、当事人理论等方面明确了医务人员在鉴定中的法律地位。论述了医务人员应当是医疗事故技术鉴定的当事人,其在鉴定中享有当事人的权利和义务,这对保护医务人员的合法权益有着重要意义。     

Identification Model Based on the Maximum Information Entropy Principle

A new theoretical approach to stimulus identification is proposed through a probabilistic multidimensional model based on the maximum information entropy principle. The approach enables us to derive the multidimensional scaling (MDS) choice model, without appealing to Luce's choice rule and without defining a similarity function. It also clarifies the relationship between the MDS choice model and the optimal version of the identification model based on Ashby's general recognition theory; it is shown theoretically that the identification model derived from the new approach includes these two models as special cases. Finally, as an application of our approach, a model of similarity judgment is proposed and compared with Ashby's extended similarity model. Copyright 2001 Academic Press.     

文本阅读中的信息整合研究

文本阅读中的信息整合研究是当前文本阅读研究的热点问题,在这一问题上,虽然当前研究已经达成了一些基本共识,但仍然存在着建构主义理论、最低限度假设和记忆基础文本加工理论这三种理论争议。本文详细介绍了这三种理论争议的主要观点和实验证据,特别是重点分析了三种理论争议的最新发展,在此基础上对未来的研究趋势进行了展望。     

On the Informativeness of Information System Ontologies

Philosophia - The current (still limited) use of the notion of informativeness in the domain of information system ontologies seems to indicate that such ontologies are informative if and only if...     

On the Inadmissibility of Some Historical Information

I argue—from a Humean perspective—for the falsity of what I call the “Admissibility of Historical Information Thesis” (AHIT). According to the AHIT, propositions that describe past events are always admissible with respect to propositions that describe future events. I first demonstrate that this thesis has some counter‐intuitive implications and argue that a Humean can explain the intuitive attractiveness of the AHIT by arguing that it results from a wrong understanding of the concept of chance. I then demonstrate how a Humean “best system” analysis of chance predicts the existence of inadmissible historical information and discuss the implications of this conclusion to the debate between Humeans and non‐Humeans.     

Perceiving the causes of coarticulatory acoustic variation: Consonant voicing and vowel pitch

Coarticulatory acoustic variation is presumed to be caused by temporally overlapping linguistically significant gestures of the vocal tract. The complex acoustic consequences of such gestures can be hypothesized to specify them without recourse to context-sensitive representations of phonetic segments. When the consequences of separate gestures converge on a common acoustic dimension (e.g., fundamental frequency), perceptual parsing of the acoustic consequences of overlapping spoken gestures, rather than associations of acoustic features, is required to resolve the distinct gestural events. Direct tests of this theory were conducted. These tests revealed mutual influences of (1) fundamental frequency during a vowel on prior consonant perception, and (2) consonant identity on following vowel stress and pitch perception. The results of these converging tests lead to the conclusion that speech perception involves a process in which acoustic information for coarticulated gestures is parsed from the stream of speech.     

Effects of Consensus and Devill's Advocacy On Strategic Decision-Making

Strategic consensus within management teams is thought to affect company performance because of its effects on the quality of team decision-making (Bourgeois, 1985, p. 571). Past research dealing with the relationship between consensus and company performance, however, has not specifically examined the effects of consensus on decision-making. The debate on the effects of strategic consensus parallels a debate on the effects of consensus-based and conflict-based decision aids (Schweiger & Finger, 1984; Schweiger, Sandberg, & Ragan, 1986; Schwenk, 1988). The experiment described in this paper is the first which deals with the effects of group consensus and conflict-based decision aids on group decision-making. The results showed that high-consensus groups generally had higher performance, suggesting that consensus improves group decision-making. Further, groups given the decision technique of devil's advocacy had higher levels of critical evaluation in decision-making but less desire to work with each other in the future, suggesting that devil's advocacy has mixed effects on decision-making groups. An interaction effect showed that devil's advocacy increased the commitment of high-consensus group members to the decisions their groups had reached but did not have a similar effect on low-consensus groups. This result demonstrates the importance of examining both consensus and decision aids simultaneously. The implications of the results for the interpretation of past research on consensus and on conflict-based decision aids are offered in the conclusion.     

信号检测论实验中的信息传递效率

信号检测论和信息论在心理学实验中得到了广泛的应用,许多实验心理学教材也详细阐述了这两种理论所派生的心理学实验。那么,这两个理论之间有什么联系呢?同样一个实验的结果用这两个理论来审视能否得到不同的结论呢?实际上。无论是信号检测论实验还是信息传递效率实验,被试面临的任务是非常相似的：都是辨别不同的刺激、做出不同的反应,只不过信号检测论实验只涉及两种刺激——信号和噪音,而信息传递效率实验可以涉及更多种类的刺激。     

中文阅读的基本信息加工单元初探

阅读是读者依次提取信息和整合信息的认知活动,读者是以什么作为基本单元去加工信息的？拼音文字的书写系统中存在词间空格,词被普遍认为是基本的信息加工单元,然而汉语文本中没有类似明显的边界信息,而且读者的词意识模糊.研究者们对此进行了探讨,并提出了字、词、短语、主观词、韵律词等不同的观点.本文对相关的研究进行了总结和梳理,并提出了未来可能的研究方向,以期为今后的研究提供一定的借鉴和启发.     

Antecedents of Business Opportunity Identification and Innovation: Investigating the Interplay of Information Processing and Information Acquisition

Building on conceptual frameworks of entrepreneurial discovery, we argue that active information search compensates for a lack of entrepreneurial experience and enhances the effects of divergent thinking and general mental ability (GMA) on opportunity identification. We sampled 100 business owners in South Africa. Results confirmed the hypothesised moderating effects of active information search on the relationships of entrepreneurial experience and divergent thinking on opportunity identification. Furthermore, we found direct effects of opportunity identification and conditional indirect effects of divergent thinking on innovativeness of product/service innovations. Our findings suggest that a joint examination of entrepreneurial experience and divergent thinking with active information search helps to better understand opportunity identification.     

浅谈医生基本功对临床决策的影响

针对医生基本功在医学科学飞速发展的今天有何作用的困惑,阐述了详尽的病史采集、全面而准确的体格检查、合理而科学地选择实验室及辅助检查对临床决策的重要意义.医生只有将基本理论、基本技能、基础知识、道德修养、分析问题、解决问题的能力和水平作为立足之本,才能不断提高临床决策水平.     

浅谈医生基本功对临床决策的影响

针对医生基本功在医学科学飞速发展的今天有何作用的困惑,阐述了详尽的病史采集、全面而准确的体格检查、合理而科学地选择实验室及辅助检查对临床决策的重要意义。医生只有将基本理论、基本技能、基础知识、道德修养、分析问题、解决问题的能力和水平作为立足之本,才能不断提高临床决策水平。     

Developmental Changes in the Relative Weighting of Geometric and Experience-Dependent Location Cues

This article introduces a promising new methodology called optical imaging. Optical imaging is used for measuring changes in cortical blood flow due to functional activation. The article outlines the pros and cons of using optical imaging for studying the brain correlates of perceptual, cognitive, and language development in infants and young children.     

论美国族裔群体的双重文化认同

众多的族裔群体构成了美国多元文化社会的基础,而族裔群体所保持的双重文化认同则是美国社会多元文化特性不断发展的主要动因。族裔群体的双重文化认同在美国的政治、经济和文化生活当中有不同的表现,而在涉及其祖籍国利益的对外事务上表现得尤其突出。产生和保持双重文化认同的原因是多方面的,既是移民在融入美国社会进程中的现实和心理需要,也是美国社会在接纳新移民过程中常常表现出的种族歧视和排外主义所带来的结果,还是美国特殊政治体制和移民祖籍国不断鼓励下的必然产物。     

Importance Weighting in the Domain-of-Life Approach to Subjective Well-Being: the Consideration of Age

The domain-of-life approach to subjective well-being (SWB) has been popular for decades. Recognizing the possibility that individuals may not perceive all life domains equally important, many researchers advocate for importance weighting, which is to incorporate the relative importance of life domains (i.e., domain importance) into the scoring of SWB at the individual level. However, the need for and the adequacy of importance weighting remain topics of debate. What has been missing in the debate is the consideration of influences of potential confounding factors. Given that age is significantly associated with domain satisfaction, domain importance, and SWB, assessing importance weighting should not ignore the potential confounding effect of age. Analyzing data from an online survey, we found that adjusting for the confounding effect of age produced negligible changes in the results of assessing the role that domain importance played in the relationship between domain satisfaction and SWB. Our findings support the observations from the literature that the results of assessing importance weighting depended on the SWB variable selected. However, given our non-probability study sample, future studies should continue to consider age as a confounder in assessing importance weighting in the domain-of-life approach to SWB.

     

From Strategic Planning to Strategic Design: Reconceptualizing the Future of Strategy in Organizations

In this article I present an overview of critiques of strategic planning, focusing on their conceptualizations of the environment. I first outline the need for a more comprehensive understanding of the nature of the environment of strategy, and then outline some of the alternatives to strategic planning and their underlying bases in constructivism and the sciences of complexity. I conclude by arguing that Banathy's systems design methodology is eminently suited to the process of strategy formulation, and should be explored more deeply within this context.     

网络道德建设与网络信息安全

计算机网络的发展 ,一方面极大地促进了科技的进步和经济的发展 ,另一方面严重地冲击了现实社会的道德规范 ,使得信息安全面临着更多的挑战。本文分析了计算机网络的发展对道德和信息安全的影响 ,探讨了网络道德与网络信息安全的相互关系 ,并对加强网络道德建设提出了几点建议