外显与内隐自尊对大学生主观幸福感的预测

本研究通过运用内隐联想测验和量表法对111名大学生进行测试,在确认自尊结构的基础上,考察外显和内隐自尊对主观幸福感的预测。结果发现:(1)大学生自尊结构是双重的,存在外显自尊和内隐自尊两种成分;(2)外显自尊和内隐自尊都可以显著预测大学生主观幸福感。     

基于自我决定视角的动机结构与主观幸福感的关系*

从自我决定的视角,探讨了内隐和外显成就动机的不一致性对主观幸福感产生影响的可能机制。分别以成就动机量表和内隐联想测验作为成就动机的外显和内隐测量方式,同时采用自我决定量表和总体幸福感指数量表对303名大学生进行了施测。结果表明:（1）大学生内隐成就动机和外显成就动机没有显著相关;（2）外显成就动机与主观幸福感呈显著正相关,内隐成就动机调节了外显成就动机与主观幸福感的关系;（3）不一致性成就动机结构对主观幸福感有显著的负向预测,自我决定在不一致性成就动机结构对主观幸福感的预测效应中起着部分中介作用。     

大学生性别自我概念的结构

同时运用外显的自陈式量表和自行设计的内隐联想测验来研究大学生的性别自我概念 ,结果表明 :(1)运用内隐联想测验来测量内隐性别自我概念是可靠、有效、敏感的 ;(2 )在性别自我概念的内隐层面上 ,性别差异十分显著 ;在性别自我概念的外显层面上 ,除了女性正性量表外 ,其他量表上均未表现出显著的差异。 (3)性别自我概念是一个双重的结构 :包括一个内隐的性别自我概念和一个外显的性别自我概念 ,前者是一个一维的未分化的结构 ,后者是一个两维的结构 ,并且二者相对独立     

自尊与主观幸福感关系研究

本研究从自尊结构出发,探讨自尊和主观幸福感之间的关系。研究发现：(1)男性SWB显著高于女性;(2)在高外显自尊个体中,内隐自尊越高。主观幸福感水平越高;在低外显自尊个体中,内隐自尊没有影响个体的主观幸福感。     

处境不利学生的内隐、外显自我概念及其与社会支持的关系

本研究考察了135名处境不利学生及普通学生的内隐、外显自我概念。结果表明:(1)学业不良、同伴关系不良等处境不利学生的外显自我概念水平总体上低于普通学生,该现象在初中阶段更为显著;(2)学业不良、同伴关系不良等处境不利学生在初中阶段表现出比普通学生和贫困学生更显著的自我概念内隐效应;(3)学业不良、同伴关系不良等处境不利学生在初中阶段表现出比普通学生更显著的内隐、外显的自我概念的分离;(4)处境不利学生主观感受的某些社会支持维度对其外显、内隐自我概念分别有不同程度的回归效应。     

中国文化中自尊结构的内隐社会认知研究

本研究同时运用外显的自陈式量表和自行设计的内隐联想测验(IAT)及Go/No-go联想任务(GNAT)来研究中国大学生的自尊结构,结果表明：(1)运用内隐联想测验和Go／No-go联想任务来测量内隐自尊是敏感的;(2)中国文化中自尊是一个双重的结构：包括一个内隐的成分和一个外显的成分。(3)自尊在内隐和外显两个层面上都不存在性别差异。     

青少年内隐自尊与自我防卫关系研究

对84名被试的内隐自尊、外显自荨与自我防卫关系的研究结果表明:(1)外显自尊与显性自恋存在显著正相关,与隐性自恋存在显著负相关.内隐自尊与隐性自恋存在显著正相关,两种自尊对自我防卫预测作用不同.(2)内隐自尊与外显自尊的分离指标与隐性自恋存在显著正相关,提示内隐自尊与外显自尊差距越大,自我防卫水平越高.(3)内隐自尊与外显自尊分离指标与显性自恋存在显著负相关.     

内隐和外显测量对利他行为的预测:来自IAT和BIAT的证据

利他行为是指人们自愿付出一定代价做出的有益于他人的行为。该研究以联结性-推理性评价模型为理论基础探讨内隐和外显测量对利他行为的预测效度,研究以193名大学生为被试,将4种内隐利他测量方法和1种外显利他测量方法相结合,以自发性水平不同的3种利他行为为结果变量。结果发现,IAT和BIAT的信度和效度较好,BIAT尤其值得采用。内隐利他自我概念测量能有效地预测真实情境中自发性较高的捐助行为,外显测量则预测了意识控制下自我报告的利他行为。结果表明,只有内隐利他自我概念测量能预测真实情境中快速发生的利他行为。其作用是外显利他测量和内隐利他态度测量所不能代替的。     

归因双重过程模型研究

目的:探讨在中国文化背景下,个体的归因过程是否一个双重过程,包括内隐归因和外显归因。方法:本研究同时采用外显的自陈式量表和自行设计的内隐联想测验(IAT),对归因的过程进行了探讨。结果:(1)归因是一个双重过程模型,包括内隐归因和外显归因;(2)个体的归因偏差受个体内隐归因影响;(3)归因的双重过程模型不受性别及经验因素影响。结论:归因是一个双重的过程。     

问题学生内隐自尊的初步研究

研究结果表明：(1)问题学生和普通学生一样,存在显著的内隐自尊效应。两类学生的内隐自尊效应存在显著的年级差异,但不存在性别差异;(2)总体上问题学生的内隐自尊效应显著高于普通学生,初三阶段,两类学生的内隐自尊的差异显著;(3)问题学生的内隐自尊和外显自尊是相对独立的两个自我评价系统。两类学生内隐自尊和外显自尊的组合状况不同,内隐自尊和外显自尊的分离状况差异显著;(4)问题学生内隐自尊与外显自尊的分离程度与其状态焦虑、特质焦虑和心理健康其他指标存在非常显著相关。     

The implicit self and the specificity-matching principle: Implicit self-concept predicts domain-specific outcomes

According to the specificity-matching principle (Swann, Chang-Schneider, & McClarty, 2007), specific aspects of self-concept should predict domain specific outcomes, rather than broader outcomes. The purpose of the current study was to determine whether this principle, which has thus far been examined using explicit measures of the self, extends to the implicit self-concept. We tested this idea in the domain of math achievement. We observed that explicit math self-concept was correlated with specific outcomes (measures of math achievement), whereas explicit self-esteem was correlated with a broad outcome (satisfaction with life). Thus, we replicated the specificity-matching principle using explicit measures of self-esteem and self-concept. Moreover, we found that implicit self-concept was correlated with domain-specific outcomes, but not a global outcome, as the specificity-matching principle would predict. Furthermore, regression analyses indicated that implicit self-concept accounted for unique variance in the domain-specific outcomes, for which the other measures of the self could not account. Taken together, we conclude that the specificity-matching principle does indeed extend to the implicit self-concept.     

Predictive validity of explicit and implicit self-esteem for subjective well-being

In recent years, researchers have developed a variety of techniques to measure implicit self-esteem. Bosson, Swann, and Pennebaker (2000) examined the reliability and validity of these measures. Only some implicit measures were reliable, and even these measures failed to show convergent and predictive validity. In contrast, explicit self-esteem predicted subjective well-being (SWB). However, the predictive validity of explicit self-esteem measures may have been inflated because SWB was assessed by means of self-reports. The present article addresses this concern. We correlated self-reports and informant reports of subjective well-being with an explicit (Rosenberg’s self-esteem scale) and an implicit measure of self-esteem (preferences for initials). Explicit self-esteem was a significant predictor of all SWB measures. Preferences for initials were not significantly correlated with any of the SWB measures.     

Validity of a happiness Implicit Association Test as a measure of subjective well-being

The current study examined the validity of a happiness Implicit Association Test (IAT) as a measure of SWB. One hundred and fifty participants (75 pairs of friends) completed a newly developed happiness IAT and a standard self-esteem IAT. Participants also made self and informant ratings of life satisfaction and happy and sad affect. The results revealed convergent validity among the explicit measures, and among the implicit measures. Explicit–implicit correlations were lower. Self-ratings (.88) and informant ratings (.78) were more highly related with a common SWB factor than the implicit measures (.31). This finding suggests that implicit measures of well-being and happiness assess a different construct that overlaps only modestly with SWB. As a result, these implicit measures have limited utility to control for response styles in self-ratings of SWB.     

Mutual influences between the implicit and explicit self-concepts: The role of memory activation and motivated reasoning

Whereas previous research has predominantly focused on dissociations between the explicit and implicit self-concepts, the current research investigates how these aspects of self-representation come into correspondence through the activation of information about the self in memory. Experiment 1 provides evidence for a “bottom-up” process of self-construal in which information activated in the implicit self-concept produces congruent changes in the explicit self-concept. Experiment 2 provides evidence for a “top-down” process of self-construal in which the motivated assertion of a propositional belief in the explicit self-concept leads, via a process of confirmatory hypothesis testing, to the activation of substantiating information in the implicit self-concept. These two processes of self-concept change are integrated within a framework that specifies how the explicit and implicit self-concepts are related within an overall, dynamic self-system. Possibilities for expanding the framework to account for self-concept dissociations are discussed.