关于“心理形式和心理內容”的关系問題

(1)心理学資产阶級思想批判运动后,紧接着提出了許多学术問題在討論,其中也有关于“心理形式和心理內容”的問題,这个問題并不是什么新問題。因为当談到心理学对象时,首先就遇到这个問題:心理学是把心理形式作为自己的研究对象,还是把心理內容作为自己的研究对象?这个問題不明确起来,难以确定严正的科学体系和具体任务。 在这个問題的討論中,有人孰为形式和內容是一致的,所以心理內容有阶級性,心理形式也有阶級性。有人主张,尽管心理內容有阶級性,但不見得所有心理形式都有阶級     

小学一年级第二学期学生解答算术应用题产生错误的思维特点

問題 应用題教学对学生参加生产劳动,学习数、理、化,以及培养邏輯推理的思維能力等方面具有重要意义。小学一年級第二学期学生在解答应用題时常发生錯誤,造成錯誤的原因是很多的,但其中相当重要的原因是思維方面的問題。本研究企图在前入关于一年級小学生解答应用題的一般思維过程的研究成果的基础上,进一步探討儿童在解題时产生錯誤的思維特点以及这些特点与教学工作的关系,为应用題的教学实践和进一步研究儿     

小学生对算术应用題的分析方法的研究

一、研究的目的和方法 目前小学生对算术应用題的学习成績不够好是相当普遍的现象。我們对四年級学生作的調查結果表明,学生在解答应用题时发生錯誤和感觉困难的主要原因有四: 1.学习态度不端正,沒有养成良好的工作习慣和克服困难的毅力;2.語文水平低,对应用題理解不够;3.沒有很好掌握必要的基本数学概念和一步应用題的算法;4.沒有很好掌握分析应用題的思維方法,不能进行必要的邏輯推理。     

小学一年級英語教学的实驗研究

一、問題的提出 在小学一年級开始增設外語課,在九年內学好一种外国語,这是一个新的課題。对它进行一些試驗研究,摸索出一条多快好省的途径是很有必要的。为此,我们在北京景山学校(九年一貫制)一年級进行了英語課的教学实驗。实驗是与教学工作相結合的,这样,实驗者和学生之間的关系更为密切,实驗者也可以更深入、更全面地了解每一个儿童各方面的情况,便于进行研究工作。     

学习的外部化活动对解答除法应用题的作用的实验研究

研究目的 本研究是关于十年制学校二年級小学生掌握等分除法和包含除法应用題的心理学問題。等分除法和包含除法应用題涉及求一个数的几分之一和一个数是另一个数的几倍。对于这一类的应用題如何才能理解得正确,如何才能給予正确的解答,这是关系提高教学效率的問題,同时,又是以后学生学习分数与倍数的基础。关于小学生理解等分除法和包含除法应用題的心理特点及外部化活动对人智力活动形成的作用,前人均有一定的研     

对心众著《阶級教育方面几个心理学实驗研究介紹》一文的意見

本刊本期发表了金增同志对本刊1965年第1期心众同志著《阶級教育方面幾個心理学实驗研究介紹》一文的批評信。金增同志在来信中肯定,心众同志摆脫理論脫离实际,特別是阶級斗爭实际的願望十分可貴,在这個新的領域內进行大胆的探索的精神可嘉,同时也指出了文中存在的一些值得引起注意的問題,如阶級认識的提高不能用倍数表示,不能只由被試談話来判断,等等。这些意見值得从事这方面研究的同志們慎重考虑。此外金增同志在来信中还提到一個在阶級教育的心理学研究中需要明确的重要問題,就是如何防止“政治現象心理学化”的問題。这是一個大問題,值得討論,希望全国心理学工作者,特別是从事阶级教育的心理学研究的同志們踊跃发表意見,以推动这方面研究的正确开展,使心理学更好地为对儿童进行阶級教育服务。     

六、七岁兒童数概念广度的实驗研究

目前我国小学教育工作中心任务之一乃是提高教学貭量。算术課程是小学的主要科目之一,一般說来,是儿童比較难于掌握的学习內容。而数概念的狹隘往往是学习算术中造成困难的主要原因。例如,編制1959年出版的小学一年級算术課本就曾提出100以內数概念能否为6、7岁的儿童所理解的問題。因此,对儿童掌握数概念的过程的研究,也就     

影响儿童感知算式的两个有关因素的实驗

問題 小学一年級儿童初学算术时,相当普遍地发生減式当加式或加式当減式的錯誤。不克服这一現象不但影响学生正确、迅速的运算,而且使一些习題不能发揮应有的练习作用。 梅欽斯卡娅研究儿童运算的錯誤时,曾經指出这种现象是“运算的定势”,这与“对习題的理解沒有完全分化有关”,与“选择性的”只“感知数而不注意符号”有关。她主要是根据各年級儿童計算各种式題的錯誤而得此結論,但对儿童感知     

小学高年級学生参加农业劳动中所表現的一些心理特点的初步分析

一、問題的意义和研究的方法 党的教育方針提出后,全国学校普遍地存在着一个新的問題:如何組織学生参加生产劳动,如何把参加生产劳动和对学生的教育工作結合起来。 我們的这一項工作是想分析一下小学高年級儿童参加农业劳动过程中,表現在劳动情况本身、认識劳动中的行为准則、評价自己和別人的劳动情况当中的一些特点,从而对如何通过参加生产劳动对小学高年級儿童进行思想教育提供一些材料。 我們选定北京市蓝靛厂小学的五年級二班作实驗班,与学校合作,共同进行研究。     

正面要求与改错对学生作业效果的影响

問題 要使学生牢固地掌握所学习的知識并能灵活运用,重要的教学手段之一,就是练习。至于在不同科目中,对不同年級、不同程度的学生,选择怎样的練习內容、形式和方法才能收到良好的效果,乃是复杂而重要的問題。 在实际教学中,常常遇到这样的情况:当学生掌握了一定程度的基础知識和基本技能后,对同样难度的作业,但从不同角度提出要求,就会得到不同的完成效果。为了探索这方面的問題,本研究在語文知識中,选取了汉字字形作业;在算术知識中,选取了小数与     

THE INTERACTION OF BIASES IN THE EVALUATION OF MANAGERS IN SINGAPORE

In this study, independent samples from the same population responded to three simulated situations in which sex and other independent variables were manipulated. In the first two cases, discriminatory decisions against women managers by male respondents were clearly discerned. However, in the third case where sex as an independent variable interacted with developmental potential, the pattern of evaluative decisions changed. A high-potential female was treated as favourably as a high-potential male while the low-potential male received the lowest selection rate from the male respondents. While the finding is not altogether surprising in a meritocratic society like Singapore, the study points to the need to explore the interactive effects which sex bias may have with other attitudes in a specific social context.     

THE RAPE OF MEDUSA IN THE TEMPLE OF ATHENA: ASPECTS OF TRIANGULATION IN THE GIRL2

The relationship between the Greek goddess Athena and her father Zeus, together with the competitive hostility she displays towards other females, is presented as illustrating some previously neglected aspects of triangular developmental conflicts in the little girl. Literature on ‘the Oedipus complex in the female’ is reviewed and discussed. The mythological early histories of both Athena and the female monster Medusa are examined for the light they can shed on female developmental vicissitudes and resultant conflicts in both women and men. Unconscious split representations of women as assertive, phallic and dangerous, or alternatively passive, castrated and receptive result in defensive repudiation of the idea that a woman can be both actively assertive and also feminine and sexual. Athena's enraged action of transforming the beautiful young maiden Medusa into a monster as punishment for the ‘crime’ of having been raped in her temple is discussed as illustrating an outcome of the lack of resolution of the little girl's early triangular conflicts.     

THE INTERPLAY OF THE TWO HEMISPHERES OF THE BRAIN IN PSYCHOANALYSIS

Several authors have written intriguingly about the right and left hemispheres of the brain. Each hemisphere perceives the world differently, impacting that which it looks upon and reinforcing our particular world view. Notably, the left hemisphere, has always been assumed to be the dominant hemisphere, but only because it has language and is so adept at formulating arguments. The detached mode of the left hemisphere, while useful and necessary to get distance, is no more real than the engaged, imaginative approach of the right hemisphere. Having written about self-sufficiency as a defense against feeling alone and helpless, I now consider these rational, problem solving, answer generating, and planning activities as products of the left hemisphere. The approach that I am suggesting is of calling our patients’ attention to how their left hemisphere overpowers the new, more uncertain voice of the right hemisphere just after it speaks in a session.     

THE STAR OF CHRIST IN THE LIGHT OF ASTRONOMY

Abstract Centuries of both theologians and astronomers have wondered what the Star of Bethlehem (Matt 2:2, 9) actually was, from miracle to planetary conjunction. Here a history of this search is presented, along with the difficulties the various proposals have had. The natural theories of the Star are found to be a recent innovation, and now almost exclusively maintained by scientists rather than theologians. Current problems with various theories are recognized, as well as general problems with the approach. The interactions between the sciences and religion are categorized and explored.     

THE STRUCTURE OF ABILITIES IN THE RETARDED

The ability structure in retarded women was studied on the same lines as with men (Kebbon, 1965). The women, 89 in number, were between 17 and 54, their IQ's between 40 and 90. Factor analysis was done of their scores on 16 tests measuring four factors—verbal, spatial-inductive, numerical and psychomotor. Comparison with the corresponding scores from 89 matched men and 92 normal men indicated that, in terms of these factors, retarded women have the same ability structure as retarded men, and that both have a similar structure to that of persons of average and superior intelligence.