血尿酸水平与脑梗死及其各指标的相关性分析

研究血尿酸(UA)与脑梗死发病与预后的相关性.本试验选择2008年5月至2009年3月中国医科大学附属一院神经内科就诊的脑梗死患者为病例组,同期中国医科大学附属一院门诊体检者70例为对照组,均进行血尿酸(SUA)、总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、低密度脂蛋白(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL-C)、空腹血糖(FBG)、纤维蛋白原(Fg)及C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)及血压的测定.比较病例组与对照组的相关指标的变化,并比较高尿酸与非高尿酸组的梗死例数与严重程度、生化指标等的变化.脑梗死组SUA水平明显高于对照组(P＜0.05);HUA组的患病率也显著高于非HUA组(P＜0.05);大梗死灶组UA值高于小梗死灶组(P＜0.05),中梗死灶组UA值高于小梗死灶组(P＜0.05).重度损伤组UA值大于轻度组(P＜0.05);中度损伤组UA值大于轻度组(P＜0.05).HUA组的SBP、DBP、TC、TG、LDL-C、FBG及hs-CRP各值高于非HUA组,HDL-CD低于非HUA,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).     

Factors Influening Erotic Orientation Development in Females and Males

No abstract available for this article.     

Occupationally Embedded Exercise Versus Rote Exercise and Psychosocial Response in College-Aged Females

Community integration through occupational engagement is an integral tenet of occupational therapy. However, little is known about how pets may assist this process. This study explores community integration through pet ownership as a meaningful, lifelong, occupation for one person with bipolar illness receiving Assertive Community Treatment. Using a case study approach, eight qualitative interviews, as well as observation and analysis of pet photos, were conducted with the mental health consumer and also with members of her social network. Data were analyzed inductively according to the constant comparative approach. The findings reveal that pet ownership assisted the person to counterbalance and move beyond stigma through pets as enablers of: “continuity,” “belonging,” “action and self-construction,” “acceptance,” and “participation.” This process was influenced by the “severity of illness,” “view of community,” and “supports and resources.” The results contribute to our understanding of pet ownership as a means to community integration. The study indicates that to enable persons with a mental illness to engage in pet ownership, occupational scientists need to examine and understand this occupation in the broader context of recovery, health, and well-being. A perspective of pet ownership as meaningful occupation challenges occupational therapists to develop strategies to actively engage clients and their pets in their community.     

Differences Between Personal Estimates of Body Fatness and Measures of Body Fatness in 11- and 12-Year-Old Males and Females

This study was designed to assess the accuracy of perceived levels of body fatness as indicated by 11- and 12-year-old children. Using a rating scale ranging from 1 (extremely lean) through 9 (extremely overweight), 50 males and 50 females estimated personal levels of body fatness. Using a 2 × 2 between-and-within-groups ANOVA, these estimates were compared to individual skinfold sum percentile scores derived from comparisons with national skinfold norms. The results revealed that the females tended to overestimate personal levels of body fatness, whereas estimates given by the male subjects were interpreted as not significantly different from skinfold sum percentile scores.     

Relationship between 24-Hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure and Cognitive Function in Healthy Elderly People

The idea that activity, both physical and mental, may be a protective factor against cognitive decline in later life has enjoyed currency in both the popular and general medical literature. However, considerable uncertainty remains about the relationship between activity and cognitive performance due to differing definitions of activity and to the use of select samples. The current report analysed data from a probability sample of 887 participants recruited from the community, aged 70-93 years in 1991 and followed up in 1994 and 1998. Activity was assessed using a six-item scale comprising activities that are both commonly undertaken and relevant to old age. Latent growth curves were fitted to longitudinal outcomes including activity, cognitive performance and health measures. Reduction in activity over the course of the study was observed in most participants. Substantial correlations between rates of change in activity and cognitive and health measures were observed. Decline in cognitive performance was also observed in a sub-sample of participants who maintained activity over the three waves of measurement. It was concluded that decline in mental and physical activity in older age is paralleled by decline in cognitive functioning and health. The results do not preclude the possibility that introduced modifications in activity might change the course of cognitive performance later in the life span. Further research is required to establish the causal nature of the relationship between activity and cognition.     

Promoting Positive Body Image in Males and Females: Contemporary Issues and Future Directions

Research presented in this special issue focuses on a number of key contemporary themes relating to gendered body image. This paper considers what these studies tell us about the associations between body image and self-esteem, internalization of thin/muscular ideals, social comparison, and social identity and makes suggestions for interventions to improve body image in girls/women and boys/men. It is concluded that psycho-social interventions to reduce internalization, to make social comparison processes more realistic, to raise self-esteem and to enable people to question social identities related to body dissatisfaction may be useful short-term solutions to improving body image in males and females with negative images of their bodies. Since most evidence for effectiveness of these kinds of interventions has focused on women and girls, more work is needed on how to make these effective for men and boys.     

原发性高血压患者极微量白蛋白尿与动脉弹性及血压相关性研究

本文通过研究极微量白蛋白尿(MAU)与ABPM、桡动脉反射波增强指数(rAIp75)的相关性,探讨极微量MAU对评价原发性高血压(EH)患者亚临床靶器官早期损害的意义.对EH患者分析ACR的相关因素.以ACR分组,得出收缩压(SBP)及昼夜节律等在三组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);C组rAIp75与B组、A组差异有统计学意义,P＜0.05;相关分析示rAIp75及血肌酐等与ACR有相关性(P＜0.05);回归分析示DSBP及病程等是独立因素(P＜0.05).本文证实合并MAU的EH患者与rAIp75及24hSBP等正相关,指出极微量MAU可能对评价EH亚临床靶器官早期损害有意义.     

Satisfaction with Body Image and Peer Relationships for Males and Females in a College Environment

The purpose of this study was to examine body image and relationship satisfaction in male and female college students. A total of 101 males and 187 females, primarily Caucasian and middle class, completed a questionnaire designed to measure satisfaction with specific body parts, overall body characteristics, and relationship status. These variables were examined in light of gender and body size differences. Results indicated that women, especially those under or above average weight, were more dissatisfied with their appearance than were men, whereas men were more dissatisfied with their relationships and sex lives than were women. In addition, those body parts with which each gender was most dissatisfied were consistent with the body parts emphasized through ideal images. These results are discussed in relation to gender role dynamics and societal pressures.     

Relation Between Aggression Exposure During Youth and Later Resting Skin Conductance Levels

Recent research efforts have focused on examining the relationship between environmental and physiological factors to better understand the effect that childhood chronic stress might have on adult health outcomes. This study examines the relation between childhood parental aggression exposure and the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), as measured by resting skin conductance levels (SCLs). Participants (N = 155) completed retrospective self-report measures of childhood exposure to interparental aggression and physically aggressive parenting. The 2-way interaction between exposure to physically aggressive parenting and interparental aggression accounted for unique variance in adulthood SCL. Sex differences emerged in this relationship. Results suggest that the type of aggression exposure might play an important role in the relationship between stressors in youth and resting SNS activity in adulthood. Future research areas are identified, including the need to examine plasticity in the SNS depending on the age of experienced aggression and the age of intervention.     

A Twin and Family Study of the Association Between Immune System Dysfunction and Dyslexia Using Blood Serum Immunoassay and Survey Data

We conducted a study of the association between developmental reading disability (DRD) and immune disorders (ID) using both survey and immunoassay data in two separate samples of families. One sample was made up of twins and their parents and was ascertained through a population-based sampling scheme. The other sample was a set of extended pedigrees selected for apparent autosomal dominant transmission of DRD. We failed to find an association between DRD and ID in either sample, regardless of the method used to assess immune system function. Even though our twin sample provided evidence that both DRD and immune conditions were significantly heritable, there was no evidence for a genetic correlation between ID and DRD nor was there any clear indication that a special subgroup of individuals may be comorbid for these conditions because of genetic reasons. How these negative findings can be reconciled with the developmental hypothesis of Geschwind, Behan, Galaburda, and colleagues, and how they may relate to the gene locus influencing DRD that has been recently located in the HLA region of the short arm of chromosome 6 is discussed.     

男女两性在文化震荡、心理健康及其关系中的差异比较

采用自编问卷对1555名30岁及以上被试受文化震荡的影响程度及其心理健康进行调查,分别探讨不同生活环境和环境相同但受教育程度不同的男女两性在两变量及其关系中的差异。结果表明:(1)总体上,男性报告的文化事件的主观影响明显比女性更积极,但其心理健康水平却明显低于女性;男女两性在文化震荡与心理健康之间均存在显著正相关,但具有不同特点。(2)不同生活环境和同一生活环境中不同受教育程度的男女两性在文化震荡、心理健康中均存在不同程度的差异;在这两变量间也均存在不同方面的显著正相关。     

语言线索下视觉空间知觉任务的性别差异

为了探索不同方位辨别方式的男女差异,采用自编的经过心理测量学检测符合指标的空间知觉量表和三个语言线索下方位辨别任务范式实验,在测验和实验3中设计两种空间知觉加工方式,即东西南北和前后左右;在实验1中设计东西南北;在实验2中设计前后左右。测验,实验1和实验3均发现,在东西南北方位辨别上存在显著的性别差异,且男生优于女生;测验,实验2和实验3均发现,在前后左右方位辨别上不存在显著的性别差异。这表明男生更擅长于使用东西南北的方位辨别方式。     

Revisiting the Effects of Anger on Risk‐Taking: Empirical and Meta‐Analytic Evidence for Differences Between Males and Females

That anger elicited in one situation can carry over to drive risky behavior in another situation has been described since the days of Aristotle. The present studies examine the mechanisms through which and the conditions under which such behavior occurs. Across three experiments, as well as a meta‐analytic synthesis of the data, results reveal that incidental anger is significantly more likely to drive risky decision making among males than among females. Moreover, the experiments document that, under certain circumstances, such risk‐taking pays off financially. Indeed, the present experiments demonstrate that, because the expected‐value‐maximizing strategy in these studies rewarded risk‐taking, angry‐male individuals earned more money than did both neutral‐emotion males and angry females. In sum, these studies found evidence for robust disparities between males and females for anger‐driven risk‐taking. Importantly, although men did not experience more anger than women, they did show a heightened tendency to respond to anger with risk‐taking. Published 2016. This article has been contributed to by US Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.     

Examination of the Relationship Between Self-Efficacy and Affect at Varying Levels of Aerobic Exercise Intensity

Although proposed as an explanation for increases in positive and decreases in negative affect, little evidence supports the notion of a stronger efficacy-affect relationship as acute aerobic exercise intensity increases. Relationships between self-efficacy (SE), positive affect (PA), and negative affect (NA) were examined with respect to 3 randomly assigned conditions: (a) no exercise (control), (b) cycling at 55% VO_2max, and (c) cycling at 70% VO_2max. Twenty subjects (age = 22.6 years; M VO_2max= 47.8 ml · kg⁻¹· min⁻¹) participated in each. Preexercise SE predicted in-task NA and postexercise PA in the 55% condition and postexercise PA in the 70% condition ( ps < .05). Although SE significantly increased from pre- to postexercise, in-task affect failed to predict these increases in SE. These data suggest that in a fit college-aged population, a stronger reciprocal relationship between preexercise SE, in-task affect, and postexercise SE does not exist with increasing levels of exercise intensity. Contrary to self-efficacy theory, no evidence was found for a reciprocal relationship. However, the relationship between efficacy and affect was such that when collapsed across conditions and time, subjects with higher SE scores reported lower NA ( p < .05).     

Authenticity in College-Aged Males and Females, How Close Others are Perceived, and Mental Health Outcomes

Recently, constructs related to behaving authentically in relationships have been linked to self-esteem and depression. The current study aimed to fill an important gap in the literature by identifying several social-environmental factors that may be associated with dispositional authenticity—“the unobstructed operation of one’s core or true self in one’s daily enterprise” (Kernis and Goldman 2006, p. 294)—and determining whether these factors differ for males and females. Theoretical links between dispositional authenticity and perceptions of close relationship partners as more authentic and egalitarian were empirically examined. This study expanded on relational authenticity research, which has linked behaving authentically in relationships to higher self-esteem and less depressive symptomatology, to address whether females are more likely than males to display dispositional authenticity, as well as to report low self-esteem and depression when they engage in inauthenticity. Participants were 470 U.S. college students (318 female) who were recruited from colleges across the country (41?% from a liberal arts school, 31?% from a large public university) and completed questionnaires online. Path analysis indicated that both genders report more authenticity when they perceived their mothers to be more authentic; authenticity, in turn, was related to fewer depressive symptoms and greater self-esteem for both genders. For females only, authenticity was also positively related to the perceived authenticity of important nonparental adults, and a more traditional gender ideology was related to higher self-esteem; for males only, depressive symptoms were positively related to a more traditional gender ideology. Implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.     

睾丸微石症和成年男性精子质量关系探究

探讨睾丸微石症及其不同类型（CTM／LTM）和成年男性精子质量之间的关系,分析其相关性,为临床诊疗提供参考。回顾性分析接受精液常规检查并发现精子的41例睾丸微石症患者,并分为经典型睾丸微石症（CTM）和限制型睾丸微石症（LTM）两组进行对比。结果显示,在精子总数、精子总活力、前向运动精子率和不活动精子率方面,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。相比LTM,CTM对精子质量的影响更明显。不同类型睾丸微石症和成年男性精子质量之间有关联,呈现出负相关。     

正常高值血压者血压昼夜节律与靶器官损害的相关性研究

探讨正常高值血压昼夜节律与靶器官损害的相关性。入选正常高值血压者150例,其中杓型组72例,非杓型组78例,60例正常血压者为对照组。检测尿白蛋白排泄率（UAE）、颈动脉内膜中层厚度（IMT）和左心室重量指数（LVMI）。杓型组和非杓型组UAE、IMT、LVMI高于对照组（P＜0．01）。非杓型组UAE、IMT、LVMI高于杓型组（P＜0．05）。正常高值血压人群已出现靶器官损害,血压昼夜节律异常与早期靶器官损害密切相关。     

降压达标治疗中的个体化原则与优化治疗

为了提高高血压患者的降压达标率、最大程度地降低靶器官损伤,一方面应强化生活方式的改变,包括戒烟限酒、低盐饮食、减轻体重和适量运动,另一方面,由于原发性高血压的发病是由多种复杂因素的不同组合引起,应根据不同个体的高血压发病机制及病因的差异,在指南的指导下,应用不同种类抗高血压药物(单用或联合用药),采用针对个体的优化治疗,才能更有效地使降压治疗达标。     

降压达标治疗中的个体化原则与优化治疗

为了提高高血压患者的降压达标率、最大程度地降低靶器官损伤,一方面应强化生活方式的改变,包括戒烟限酒、低盐饮食、减轻体重和适量运动,另一方面,由于原发性高血压的发病是由多种复杂因素的不同组合引起,应根据不同个体的高血压发病机制及病因的差异,在指南的指导下,应用不同种类抗高血压药物(单用或联合用药),采用针对个体的优化治疗,才能更有效地使降压治疗达标.