BION'S THINKING ABOUT GROUPS: A STUDY OF INFLUENCE AND ORIGINALITY

One of Bion's least‐acknowledged contributions to psychoanalytic theory is his study of the relationship between the mind of the individual (the ability to think), the mentalities of groups of which the individual is a member, and the individual's bodily states. Bion's early work on group therapy evolved into a study of the interplay between mind and bodily instincts associated with being a member of a group, and became the impetus for his theory of thinking. On the foundation of Bion's ideas concerning this interaction among the thinking of the individual, group mentality, and the psyche‐soma, the author presents his thoughts on the ways in which group mentality is recognizable in the analysis of individuals.     

COMPARISON OF ESTABLISHED AND INNOVATIVE WEIGHT-REDUCTION TREATMENT PROCEDURES1

A central component of a commonly used weight-loss procedure developed by Stuart (1967), which emphasizes situational engineering (SE), was compared to eating behavior control (EBC), a treatment employing reinforcement of changes in eating habits. A third treatment encouraged development of individuals' own applications of a model of self-control and attempted to provide effective feedback regarding progress toward weight-loss goals. This self-initiated treatment (SI) was designed to be less directive than many behavioral treatment packages and to be more realistic about the expectations of subjects and the actual eating habits of overweight and normalweight people. Following baseline, treatment lasted six weeks and followup lasted 16 weeks. While all treatments produced weight losses, EBC surpassed SE during treatment. SI losses during treatment did not differ from SE or EBC, but SI was the only group that lost weight throughout followup, indicating the possible utility of more subtle, less directive interventions than those that have often been associated with behavioral approaches. The results of SE question the applicability to clinical procedures of the external cue hypersensitivity theory of obesity (Schachter and Rodin, 1974), to which SE is closely related.     

问题表征方式与数学问题解决的研究

阐述了问题表征在数学问题解决中的作用;重点探讨了抽象表征、原理表征、图式表征等不同表征方式与数学问题解决的关系;最后提出通过选择与转换两种策略来寻求适宜的问题表征方式。     

GROUP COMMUNICATION AND PROBLEM-SOLVING EFFECTIVENESS: AN INVESTIGATION OF GROUP PHASES

The present study sought to determine whether “successful” problem-solving groups can be distinguished from “unsuccessful” problem-solving groups on the basis of the phases that characterize their problem-solving discussion. The results, while based on a limited sample of nine groups, provide strong evidence to indicate that no single uniform sequence of phases is necessarily associated with either “successful” or “un-successful” group problem-solving. Rather, the study found that both “successful” and “unsuccessful” groups take their own unique “paths” to solving their problems, perhaps depending on the conditions and circumstances present at critical points in the problem-solving process. Interestingly, however, while the study discovered that there are several different sequences of phases associated with both “successful” and “unsuccessful” group problem-solving, a comparison of those different sequences revealed one general difference. Specifically, it was discovered that “successful” groups tend to begin their discussion by attempting to analyze the problem before attempting to search for a viable solution to it, while “unsuccessful” groups tend to begin the discussion by immediately attempting to search for a viable solution to the problem before attempting to analyze the problem.     

PERCEIVED FAIRNESS OF LAYOFFS AMONG INDIVIDUALS WHO HAVE BEEN LAID OFF: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY

This longitudinal study examined 3 layoff-specific (explanation, correctability, and severance benefits) and 2 person-centered (negative affectivity and prior organizational commitment) variables as predictors of layoff victims' judgments of layoff fairness, willingness to endorse the terminating organization, desire to take the previous employer to court, and willingness to commit to future employers. In addition, this study assessed how reemployment moderated these relationships. The results highlighted the importance of receiving an explanation from organizations about how and why layoffs were conducted. Explanation was associated with higher perceived fairness of the layoff, higher willingness to endorse the terminating organization, and less desire to sue that organization, even after reemployment. Four predictor-outcome relationships were moderated by reemployment status.     

样例和练习在促进解题迁移能力中的作用

通过一个2×2×2的因素实验,对96名初一学生在解题迁移能力中受样例和练习的影响进行了研究。结果表明,结合样例进行的练习促进了技能的熟练和解题能力的迁移;练习本身并不总能保证促进技能的熟练和解题能力的迁移,它至少要受三方面因素的影响第一,与在练习中是否有来自外部的指导和反馈有关;第二,与练习的任务性质有关;第三,与参与练习的个体智力和认知水平有关。     

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF INSTRUMENTAL LEARNING BY PRESCHOOL CHILDREN IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA AND AUSTRALIA1

Instrumental learning of preschool children in Papua New Guinea (PNG) and Australia (AUST) was compared using two tasks (imitative and nonimitative) and two rewards (social and nonsocial). There were no differences between the two groups in the rate of acquisition measure of trials to criterion. PNG children made more late responses during acquisition and, for nil responses, there were group x task and group x reward x task effects. In the extinction phase, there were two main effects for trials to criterion: PNG children were more resistant to extinction than AUST children, and there was greater persistence in responding after social reward regardless of nationality. Reward x group, reward x task, and reward x group x task interactions also were observed in the extinction trials to criterion. In addition, there were three main task effects during extinction for other responses: on the imitative task, more wrong responses were made, and on the nonimitative task, more extra responses and more paired responses were made. A subsidiary analysis compared the two culturally different but educationally similar groups comprising the PNG sample: no major differences were isolated in acquisition or extinction.     

个体解决三项系列问题的心理模型

该研究设计了2种实验条件,对360名6-19岁个体解决三项系列问题的能力发展进行了研究,旨在讨论个体解决三项系列问题的心理模型的发展问题,结果表明：(1)6-19岁个体对三项系列问题中有必然逻辑答案的题目的判断能力的发展速度比较平稳;(2)个体对三项系列问题中有必然逻辑答案的题目的判断能力先于对没有逻辑答案的题目,6-9岁个体对三项系列问题中没有必然逻辑答案的题目的判断能力的发展速度低于10岁以后的个体;(3)空间模型、语义模型、语义一空间混合模型和枢纽项比较模型是相互补充的,是在不同认知发展阶段依一定次序,按一定的阶段逐渐形成的,经历了5个不同的发展阶段,最终形成以枢纽项比较模型为核心、四种心理模型并存于个体的心理结构之中的复合模型。     

A STUDY OF SOCIAL IDENTITY IN THREE ETHNIC GROUPS IN INDIA

The present study examined social identity under three frames of reference, self, own group and outgroups, in three ethnic groups in India, High Caste Hindus, Muslims and Scheduled Castes. Fifty subjects for each group (with a total of 150 subjects) between the ages of 13 to 18 years were randomly selected from a rural district of Uttar Pradesh. Data were collected using a 24 adjective checklist and analyzed using ANOVA and t tests. The results indicated considerable similarity in social identity of High Caste and Muslim subjects. In both groups a strong sense of positive social identity was found. The Scheduled Caste, however, displayed a marked negative social identity in relation to the two other ethnic groups. The findings were examined in relation to existing intergoup relations theory and interplay of specific subcultural experiences.     

青海高原9岁与11岁多民族儿童记忆的比较研究

本文对青海高原的9个地区6个民族的了20名9岁与11岁被试的记忆发展,进行了比较研究。结果表明,撒拉族、回族、汉族儿童的记忆成绩之间无明显差异,但他们与蒙族、土族、藏族儿童的记忆成绩之间有明显差异。蒙族、土族与藏族儿童的记忆成绩之间也有明显差异。不同的历史文化联系,不同的地理环境、经济条件和不同的教育条件及语言因素是形成这种差异的原因,其中不同的教育条件是最直接、最重要的原因。结果还表明,各族儿童记忆的发展也具有一些共同的特点。     

中国企业中员工创新能力与创新绩效的关系:以组织创新气氛为调节变量

运用结构方程建模技术中的无约束估价法,对来自10家企业413名员工的数据进行调节效应模型的检验。探讨了中国企业中员工创新能力对创新绩效的影响,以及组织创新气氛在其中的调节作用。结果发现:员工的创新能力对其创新意愿和创新结果具有显著的正向影响;在创新能力水平一定的情况下,创新意愿、行动和结果的水平随着组织创新气氛的提升而有所增强。该结果表明组织创新气氛显著调节着员工创新能力对创新绩效的影响。     

REVIEW OF ANTECEDENT CONTROL: INNOVATIVE APPROACHES TO BEHAVIORAL SUPPORT,EDITED BY J. LUISELLI AND M. CAMERON

This review identifies antecedent manipulation and the role of establishing operations as primary themes of the book as well as crucial elements in the design of a broadly applicable behavior support technology. The discussion of the book's thematic treatment of these elements highlights the traditional importance of elaborate antecedent interactions within the field of behavior analysis and welcomes researchers' efforts to broaden their credibility and influence through comprehensive and durable applications of behavior support technologies in a variety of natural settings. The reviewers rate the book as representative of the most recent developments and directions within applied behavior support.