应聘者非言语信息对面试官评分的影响:解释、测量和控制

应聘者非言语信息是影响结构化面试中面试官准确评分的一个重要因素。社会互动理论和拟剧论从面试官角度,社会影响理论和相互依赖理论从应聘者角度分别解释了非言语信息对面试官评分的影响。对非言语信息的测量,除了传统的自陈式问卷,一些新兴的计算机识别技术也被使用。为了消除非言语信息对面试评分准确性的影响,通常会从面试前、面试中和面试后三个阶段对其进行控制。未来可以基于机器学习和大数据分析,探索非言语信息对结构化面试评分的影响,建构新的理论以解释影响过程。     

Language: The art of therapeutic communication

Abstract

This article shares insights into the processes of suggestibility in the interaction between client and therapist. The article also draws on the work of Yapko and Langs and the insights of the author himself in order to make suggestions on how clinical practice and its supervision could be improved by greater scrutiny of the content of client-therapist interactions.     

Encounter with a traditional healer: Western and African therapeutic approaches in dialogue

The paper explores the extent to which cultural aspects contribute to the modalities of human relations and consequently to the qualities of the internal objects and the sense of identity. Therapeutic relationships and techniques, as well as the theories on which they are based, are seen as being equally embedded in their cultural context. An encounter with a traditional African healer offers the author, a western trained European analyst, an opportunity to think about similarities and differences in the therapeutic approach to mental distress, as well as in the training of therapists/healers in the two cultures. Special attention is given to the role of ancestor reverence in African culture. The notion of the ancestors is related to what psychoanalysis describes as internal objects. Cultural differences in the role and importance of verbal language in the therapeutic relationship are described, and the importance and meaning of non-verbal forms of communication are explored.     

情绪在危机新闻框架和团体危机回应中的作用

采用2(新闻框架类型:诱发气愤情绪或诱发悲伤情绪)×2(危机事件团体回应类型:惩罚型或补偿型)×2(团体回应中情绪感染力的呈现情况:呈现或缺乏)的被试间实验设计,探讨不同版本的危机事件新闻报道诱发出的不同情绪如何影响个体的信息加工,以及情绪反应怎样影响个体对组织随后回应策略的偏好。结果发现:气愤情绪促使公众采用启发性加工方式,悲伤情绪促使公众采用系统性加工方式;相比于悲伤情绪,气愤情绪会导致公众对公司更加负面的态度;惩罚型回应信息的可信性更高;惩罚型和补偿型回应信息使公众对企业的态度从比较消极转变为偏向积极;具有强烈情绪感染力的回应信息更容易降低气愤组对企业的责任归因程度,并进而促进公众对企业态度的改变;公众的气愤和悲伤情绪水平在接受企业回应后明显减弱,但没有达到基线水平。结果表明,在面对危机事件时,新闻框架的类型、企业对危机事件的回应方式以及回应中的情绪感染力,会结合在一起,制约公众对危机事件的知觉以及对企业的判断。     

Multicultural personality and effectiveness in an intercultural training simulation: The role of stress and pro-active communication

Multicultural personality traits have been shown to predict intercultural outcomes in a range of settings. However, how these traits affect behaviour during intercultural interactions remains an understudied area. A study was conducted among participants in intercultural training sessions, to examine whether scores on the five dimensions of the Multicultural Personality Questionnaire (MPQ) could predict how they performed in the intercultural simulation game “Barnga.” Both a self-rating and other-rating of intercultural effectiveness were included. Furthermore, we examined whether perceived stress and pro-active communication played a mediating role. Results of Latent Growth Curve Modelling (LGCM) show that emotional stability has a positive effect on mean scores (intercept) of both self-rated and other-rated outcomes, mediated through perceived stress. Social Initiative has a positive effect on the rate of improvement (slope) in other-rated outcomes during the simulation, mediated through pro-active communication.     

Winnicott's children: The holding environment and therapeutic communication in brief and non-intensive work

This paper discusses brief and non-intensive work using a Winnicottian framework for understanding the processes involved. The importance of play, communication and interpretation are considered within the careful establishment of a unique holding environment for each patient. Parallels are drawn with ordinary development and care of the infant and young child. Two clinical examples are given to illustrate these concepts. The first describes the treatment of parents and children following the accidental death of the youngest child, and the second describes time-limited work with a sexually abused and abusing teenage boy. The value of providing a range of psychoanalytic treatments to meet the range of needs of patients is discussed. The importance of conceptualizing such treatments in ways that do not imply that they are ‘diluted’ psychoanalysis is also stressed, particularly with a view to the increasing pressure on therapists to offer help to as many children as possible within limited treatment time.     

预期交流与创造力的关系:解释水平的调节作用

该研究探讨了预期交流对创造力的影响,以及解释水平在其中的调节作用。实验1采用结构性想象任务探讨预期交流是否影响创造力。结果表明,相较于没有预期交流,预期交流条件下的个体表现出更高的创造力。实验2采取了创意产生任务,并探讨了解释水平在其中的调节作用。结果表明,当完成抽象的、高解释水平任务时,相较于无预期交流,预期交流条件下个体在新奇性和变通性两个维度上表现出了更高的创造力;当完成具体的、低解释水平任务时,预期交流的效应不复存在。也就是说,只有当创造力任务要求高解释水平的抽象思维时,预期交流才能促进创造力的发挥。总结而言,本研究在过往对于交流与创造力以及解释水平与创造力的研究基础上进一步发现,对于抽象创造力任务,虽然真正的信息交流尚未发生,但仅仅对于交流的预期就会提高创造力水平。     

When Words Are No Longer Necessary: The Gift of Ritual

SUMMARY

This study is an exploration of non-verbal forms of communication which have become ritualised, particularly m the care of people with dementia. Rituals, which are culturally determined, may be inclusive or exclusive; they may lose their meaning or send out mixed messages, but m general they uphold the structure of society. There is a strong link between religion and ritual and for people with dementia, ritual may be extremely important m maintaining their sense of belonging within the community of faith. It looks at some of the issues to be addressed when worshipping with people with dementia.     

Personalized versus standard role plays in the assessment of depressed patients' social skill

Chronically depressed outpatients participated in a study of the role-play assessment of social skill. Patients role-played a series of standard situations typical of those employed in social-skills research and additional scenes drawn from critical situations in their personal lives. These “personalized” role-play situations were perceived as more relevant by patients and resulted in more discomfort and less skillful interpersonal behavior than standard scenes. Behavioral measures derived from personalized role plays were also found to be more strongly related to measures of depression than the same measures derived from the standard role-play scenes. Implications of these findings for the role-play assessment of social skill are discussed.     

2岁幼儿的社会朝向反应——本质及功能

本研究以66对17至32个月的幼儿和母亲为研究对象,研究了在实验室情境中,幼儿在不同实验情境下对母亲的社会朝向反应,并探讨了幼儿社会朝向行为的功能以及母亲的行为对幼儿社会朝向反应的影响。结果显示,（1）大多数幼儿在实验中都表现出了至少一次的社会朝向反应,社会朝向反应的发生是酱遍的;（2）在不同情境中,幼儿的社会朝向反应不同,在积极的情境中,社会朝向反应有分享情绪经历的功能;在抗拒诱惑的任务中,社会朝向行为与获得支持有关;（3）母亲对情境的非信息性反应对幼儿的社会朝向行为有影响,社会朝向是幼儿对社会情境的适应性行为,对这种非语言的情感交流行为的研究可以帮助我们探究幼儿情绪社会化的过程。     

Cyber victimization and adolescent self‐esteem: The role of communication with parents

Internet use has increased rapidly in recent years, and has inevitably led to some negative outcomes, notably cyber bullying and cyber victimization. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of cyber victimization and parent–adolescent communication on self‐esteem, and the moderating role of parent–adolescent communication in the relationship between cyber victimization and self‐esteem among Turkish adolescents. The participants were 337 adolescents with a mean age of 16.37, (SD = 0.89). The results of hierarchical regression analysis reveal that self‐esteem was predicted negatively by cyber victimization, but positively by mother–adolescent communication. Results also indicate the moderating roles of parent–adolescent communication in the links between cyber victimization and self‐esteem. The findings indicate a need to consider the parent–adolescent relationship while working with victimized youth, and the implications for research and practice are discussed.     

Mind knowledge in infancy: The emergence of intentional communication

When and how infants and young children start to understand that persons are entities different from ‘non-persons ’ is the central issue addressed in this paper. A critical examination is presented of empirical research inspired by the ‘theory of mind ’ approach and relative to the knowledge about the mind exhibited by pre-school children (2–5 years of age). In considering what kind of psychological knowledge pre-linguistic children may acquire, it is argued that the most significant developmental phenomenon is the grasp of the concept of intentional communication, as distinct from both agency and instrumentality. Intentional communication, so defined, implies the capacity to represent and influence the other person's attentional state about aspects of the world, and at the same time to represent the other person as capable of understanding one's communicative intentions.