儒家和兵家治道思想的整合及其历史影响--从"儒兵家"看<十一家注孙子>

《十一家注孙子》汇集了自魏武帝曹操至北宋张预等11家对于《孙子》的注解。关于治国之道，孙子与儒家的思想多有相通之处，同时又各有侧重、各有特点。11位注家在注释《孙子》过程中，既阐发了孙子的原意，又融合了诸多儒家的思想观念，体现出“以儒释兵”、“兵儒整合”的思想倾向。这种思想倾向虽早已有之，但《十一家注孙子》的形成无疑又加强了这种倾向，它对历史上儒兵家的形成也有一定影响。     

从《十一家注孙子》看兵家与儒家治国战略的融通

兵家与儒家虽然有着不同的价值观念，但其立论的目的都是治国安邦，这使得他们对治国战略的论述有着诸多的共通之处，这在先秦兵家鼻祖孙子和经典儒家孔、盂、荀的论述中都有体现。兵家和儒家治国战略的共通性为后代整合兵儒学说提供了思想基础，北宋时期的《十一家注孙子》，就充分体现了“以儒释兵”、“兵儒整合”的思想倾向。     

驳"王弼以老解《易》论"

本文反对王弼以老庄思想解释<周易>这一传统观点,因为他除了用老庄道家思想解释<周易>之外,王弼也运用儒家思想来解释<周易>,而且运用儒家思想解释的内容大于运用道家思想解释的内容.本文分析了王弼为何同时运用儒家和道家思想解易的原因,并提出<周易注>的绝大多数内容是以<易传>的思想和汉代的注易方法来解释<周易>.     

《《管子》"乘马"释义》商正

"乘马"是认识周代农民负担乃至整个周代社会变迁的一种重要制度.<管子>与<司马法>所载"乘马"征收标准的差异生动地反映了春秋时代农民负担不断加重的历史事实.如果对二者的文献解读存在错误,就难以把握历史真相,甚至有可能作出与历史事实相反的结论.     

《六德》的哲学意蕴初探

本文对郭店楚简<六德>的哲学意蕴进行了疏释,揭示了"六德"的内涵以及内在联系,认为"六德"从精神上建构并支撑了古代中国人的生活世界,并与"六位"、"六职"组织成社会生活系统,而这些又都可以在以"六艺"为中心的儒家原典中找到根据.<六德>的发现及其研究,对于徐复观对贾谊<六术>的解读与疏释,能起到既修补又映证的双重作用.     

方东美哲学思想的儒家精神--兼与胡军教授商榷

本文不赞成将方东美视为当代新道家.本文认为,不能因为方东美轻<论语>、反"道统"、赞道家、批"后儒",就断然否定方东美堪当现代新儒家.因为对方东美来说,这都意味着站在学术的立场上,予儒道两家的学术贡献以客观的评价,决不是为了推崇道家而彻底否定儒家.为了证明这一论旨,本文不但具体分析了方东美的道家观以及他为何批评儒家、怎样批评儒家,还针对胡军教授的观点,就六个问题展开讨论.     

《易纬·乾凿度》残篇文解析--西汉形上思想的成就

摘要<易纬·乾凿度>残篇文保存下来论气化宇宙的一节文字,这节文字所含的形上思想体系乃是以<易经>哲学为架构并融合了道家思想而成,它反映了汉代形上思想的最高成就.就形上思想的严密结构而论,自先秦以来,唯有此一思想体系能与儒、道两家并立而三.     

帛书《缪和》、《昭力》"子曰"辨

本文认为帛书<缪和>、<昭力>之"子曰"即是"孔子曰",并非指"讲师之言".而谬和、昭力等七人,皆当为孔子晚年弟子,而非汉初人物.由此还认为,<缪和>、<昭力>乃是儒家研<易>著作,而战国至汉初流传的诸种<易传>皆当以孔子为宗主,且多与孔子晚年弟子及其后学相关.     

《易传》人性论探微

对<系辞>等传中论及人性及其与天道之关系的文字,古今学者的理解各有心得.作者认为,行<系辞>论性语义为一阴一阳的运行变化称之为道,人从天道变化中得到了善,人性使天道赋予人的这种善得到了完成和显现.并且认为,<易传>、<中庸>、<孟子>实际都是认为"性自命出,命从天降"的,都是在人性与天道有一致性的意义上肯定人性善的,故否定<易传>有性善论,以为<易>、<庸>、<孟>的人性说致思路数不同的观点,都是不合实际的.作者又认为,将天道赋予人道正义的意义又返而以支撑人道原则,自<易传>已然,宋儒的天道性命学说与此是一脉相承的,故否定理学与先秦儒学的联系也是不合事实的.作者还认为,中国古代思想家宣扬性善论的主题是弘扬理性,强化人们对人道的自觉与自信,其中凝聚的积极善良的正气,乃是我们民族文化的元神.     

王弼"大衍义"略论

王弼易学的特点是以<老>解<易>,以他在<老子注>中所阐发的玄学本体论思想为基础来解释<周易>,这主要体现在他的<周易略例>当中.而他对"大衍之数"的解释,也使"大衍义"在其思想体系中占有重要地位.联系<周易略例>我们就能看出,"大衍义"是连接王弼玄学中老学和易学的桥梁,它体现了王弼玄学的体用观念,为王弼思想由老学向易学的过渡打下了基础.     

Extremes of self-esteem and narcissism and the experience and expression of anger and aggression

This study examined the level of self-esteem and narcissism as personality variables involved in the disposition to experience and express anger. Three hundred thirty-eight subjects were sampled across two higher education centres and one student teaching programme in the United Kingdom. It was reasoned that individuals with both high self-esteem and narcissism would report especially high tendencies to experience and express anger and aggression and that those with high self-esteem and low narcissism would report the lowest. These predictions were influenced by theories that emphasise the role of threats to high self-esteem in the production of aggression and violence. Results indicate that groups defined by their extreme scores on self-esteem and narcissism scales produced levels of anger expression in the predicted direction. The importance of considering extreme levels of self-esteem and narcissism (in conjunction with other factors) in an analysis of anger is discussed with reference to currently influential theories in the field. Aggr. Behav. 24:421–438, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Social and Personal Determinants of Adolescent Use and Abuse of Alcohol and Marijuana

This article summarizes research on social and personal determinants of adolescent use and abuse of alcohol and marijuana to aid practitioners when designing interventions.     

Cognitive and Personality Characteristics of Masculinity and Femininity Predict Wayfinding Competence and Strategies of Men and Women

Bem (1974) reconceptualized masculinity and femininity as independent and orthogonal constructs that both men and women possess to varying degrees. This perspective was used as a starting point to investigate whether the contributions of gender-typed characteristics can help to account for commonly observed gender differences in wayfinding (the ability to identify one’s current location and successfully navigate to an unseen location in the environment) favoring men. We further divided gender-typed characteristics into cognitive and personality characteristics to assess their separate influence on wayfinding and explored whether gender-typed characteristics predicted self-reported use of masculine wayfinding strategies (i.e., orientation strategies) and self-reported wayfinding competence. Participants were 452 college women and men in a southern U.S. public university. They completed the Gender-Stereotypic Characteristics questionnaire (Diekman and Eagly 2000), a social comparison questionnaire (created by the authors), a wayfinding strategy questionnaire (Lawton 1994), and a wayfinding competence questionnaire (Hegarty et al. 2002). For both men and women, higher masculine cognitive characteristics significantly correlated with greater use of orientation wayfinding strategies typical of men. For men, both higher masculine and feminine cognitive characteristics predicted better overall wayfinding competence whereas for women, only higher masculine cognitive characteristics predicted better overall wayfinding competence. For both men and women, higher feminine personality characteristics predicted poorer wayfinding competence. These results demonstrated the importance of considering cognitive and personality characteristics of masculinity and femininity in explaining individual differences in wayfinding.     

Self-ratings of positive and negative affect and retrieval of positive and negative affect memories

Abstract

Based on analysis of self-ratings of mood, positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) have been proposed as basic, orthogonal mood dimensions (Watson & Tellegen, 1985). The present study asked subjects (N = 61) to not only provide self-ratings of PA and NA terms but also to retrieve personal memories associated with those terms. Self-rated PA was associated with latency to retrieve PA- but not NA-related memories; self-rated NA was associated with latency to retrieve NA- but not PA-related memories. Self-ratings of PA and NA were not significantly correlated, nor were retrieval latencies for PA and NA memories. Individual item correlations also revealed a strong direct relationship between self-ratings and retrieval latency. The dissociations involving a non-self report measure strengthen the distinction between PA and NA, and the individual item correlations are interpreted as showing that self-ratings of affect are based upon the ease of retrieval of personal memories.