广告代言人参与度研究:深层代言还是浅层代言?

有关广告代言人效果、消费者卷入的研究都曾引起学界的重视并已取得了丰硕的成果,然而,代言人在品牌代言时实际参与(卷入)的程度是否影响消费者对其代言效果的认识,当代言不同类别的产品时这种代言效果是否依然存在,此外,消费者的个性特点是否也会影响这种代言效果等仍需要理论上的深入探讨。本文通过2(代言人高参与度/代言人低参与度)×2(高认知需求/低认知需求)×2(享乐型产品/功能型产品)的实验设计,全面、系统地探讨了代言人参与的深浅程度对消费者品牌态度和品牌文化感知的影响,以及消费者认知需求对两者之间的调节作用。结果表明,无论是代言享乐型还是功能型产品,代言人参与程度都会对消费者品牌态度和品牌文化感知有显著的影响,而且消费者对于明星代言享乐型产品的品牌态度显著高于功能型产品。特别地,这种作用还受到消费者认知需求水平的影响。即当消费者认知需求水平高时,名人参与代言的程度会对其品牌态度造成积极的正向的影响;而当消费者认知需求水平低时,名人参与代言程度则不会对其品牌态度造成显著影响。     

“权力”的游戏：品牌标识中字母大小写对消费者态度的影响

基于符号联想理论,通过两组实验探讨感知权力倾向在字母大小写对消费者态度影响中的中介作用和品牌奢侈程度的调节作用。研究发现：（1）大写字母会提升消费者对品牌权力展示倾向的感知,进而提高消费者对品牌的态度;（2）感知奢侈程度在字母大小写对消费者态度的影响中起正向调节作用。对于高感知奢侈程度的品牌,大写字母标识会获得更好的消费者态度;对于低感知奢侈程度的品牌,小写字母标识会获得更好的消费者态度。     

解释水平对品牌联想和品牌延伸评估的影响

由于人们更加关切与其解释水平相匹配的信息、经验和事物, 解释水平能够系统性地影响人们的判断与决策。本研究将解释水平视为重要的调节变量, 探查它对消费者的品牌联想和品牌延伸评估的可能影响。实验一用于检验来源于个体差异的不同解释水平(高与低)的被试, 对于同一品牌是否产生不同形态(原型性与范例性)的品牌联想以及探查它们之间的相对数量关系。实验二采用2(解释水平：高vs.低)×2(契合类型：原型性契合vs.范例性契合)组内和组间因子混合设计, 用于检验基于时间距离的解释水平是否调节契合类型对品牌延伸评估的影响关系。实验研究结果发现：在接触到品牌名称时, 具有高水平解释倾向的消费者, 将比低水平解释倾向的消费者, 呈现更多的原型性联想; 而具有低水平解释倾向的消费者, 将比高水平解释倾向的消费者, 呈现更多的范例性联想; 在低水平解释条件下, 消费者对范例性契合延伸产品的评估要好于对原型性契合延伸产品的评估; 而在高水平解释条件下, 消费者对原型性契合延伸产品的评估要好于对范例性契合延伸产品的评估。     

品牌熟悉度、参照群体和任务时间对购买决策的影响

研究通过情景模拟实验,考察品牌熟悉度、参照群体和任务时间与购买决策的关系。研究结果发现:(1)品牌熟悉度影响购买决策,高品牌熟悉度下做出购买的决策显著多于低品牌熟悉度。(2)品牌熟悉度对参照群体影响消费者购买决策具有调节作用。(3)任务时间限制不影响购买决策。研究表明,消费者在购买决策中存在品牌熟悉度效应和参照群体效应,消费者所接触品牌的熟悉度越高,消费者越倾向作出购买的决策;与陌生人相比,消费者更容易受好朋友的影响而作出购买的决策;消费者在购买决策中,可能存在时间感知偏差。     

广告干预对消费者品牌态度和信任的影响

为了探讨广告干预对危机品牌的消费者品牌态度和信任的影响,采用实验组与控制组对照的前测后测设计,其中实验组采用2×2因素型被试间实验设计。结果表明:广告干预对被试的内隐品牌态度发生了一定程度的影响,对被试的外显品牌态度和品牌信任则发生了很大程度的影响;高渗透广告相较于低渗透广告能驱使消费者对危机品牌产生更为正向的外显品牌态度;理性诉求广告相较于感性诉求广告能驱使消费者对危机品牌产生更为正向的外显品牌态度;广告的渗透程度和诉求方式对内隐品牌态度的影响存在交互作用;品牌信任受双重态度驱动。     

品牌延伸条件下的广告说服——双中介影响模型的拓展

采用实验调查和认知编码的方法,探讨消费者的广告前后品牌态度,品牌认知反应、广告认知反应、广告态度和购买意向之间的关系。结果表明：（1）广告前的品牌态度对广告认知反应、品牌认知反应和广告后的品牌态度有影响;（2）广告认知反应直接影响广告态度,但不直接影响品牌认知反应;（3）消费者的广告态度不但直接影响品牌认知反应和广告后的品牌态度,还直接影响购买意向。这说明在品牌延伸条件下,广告态度的双中介影响模型需要修正     

3～5岁幼儿暗示感受性与压力的关系:抑制性控制的调节效应

本研究在已有研究的基础上进一步探讨认知因素与外源性因素对儿童暗示感受性的交互作用。文章通过在访谈过程中设置不同水平的压力反馈,选用自编的儿童视觉暗示感受性测试材料及一系列抑制性控制实验任务,考查了儿童抑制性控制对压力和暗示感受性关系的调节作用。结果表明:(1)3～5岁幼儿的暗示感受性随着年龄的增长显著降低。(2)压力影响3～5岁幼儿的暗示感受性水平,压力越大,儿童的暗示感受性越强。(3)抑制性控制对压力与暗示感受性的关系具有显著的调节作用,压力对暗示感受性的影响会随着幼儿抑制性控制水平的提高而不断减弱。对于抑制性控制水平低的儿童来说,压力能正向预测其暗示感受性;但对于抑制性控制水平高的儿童来说,压力并不能显著预测其暗示感受性。     

论品牌资产——一种认知的观点

品牌资产是当今营销研究领域的一个重要概念。文章以大量国外相关研究成果为佐证,从人类认知的角度对品牌资产的本质、品牌资产的形成和作用机制进行了系统地分析和论述。文章指出,品牌资产就是消费者关于品牌的知识,包括品牌名字与产品类别、产品评价和关联物(有关产品的信息或线索)的记忆联想;品牌资产是在品牌名字的基础上经过营销活动和消费者产品购买、使用经验的共同作用形成的;品牌资产的价值主要体现在对产品销售的促进和品牌延伸。     

认知信息的详尽度与锚定对决策策略的影响

以191名大学生为被试,采用2×3的完全组间设计,探讨不同认知信息详尽度和有无锚定材料条件下大学生决策策略类型的选择。结果发现:(1)认知信息详尽度对被试的决策策略选择的影响显著,被试在低认知信息详尽度水平下倾向于选择采用维度比较策略,而在高认知信息详尽度水平下倾向于选择采用综合比较策略,并且倾向程度差异显著。(2)锚定效应对决策策略选择的影响不显著,认知信息详尽度与锚定的交互作用也不显著。     

消费者何时愿意选择与规避群体关联的品牌?

消费者何时愿意选择与规避群体关联的品牌?规避群体对消费者的影响机制还需要进一步研究。基于心理逆反理论, 本文通过3个实验探讨自由威胁对消费者选择与规避群体关联的品牌的影响。结果发现, 当消费者感知到高自由威胁时, 选择与规避群体关联的品牌的意愿较高, 心理逆反发挥中介作用, 叙事和自尊水平对上述影响关系具有调节作用。叙事性的信息使得被试因自由威胁所产生的心理逆反降低, 从而对与规避群体关联的品牌的选择意愿降低。对于高自尊的个体, 在高自由威胁时更愿意选择与规避群体关联的品牌; 而对于低自尊的个体, 在高/低自由威胁情况下对规避群体关联的品牌的偏好无显著差异。本文探讨了自由威胁对消费者品牌偏好的影响, 丰富了规避群体和品牌选择的研究; 验证了心理逆反在自由威胁与规避群体关联品牌偏好之间的中介作用, 深化了心理逆反理论。本文对企业在保留现有客户群的基础上, 如何吸引外群体消费者具有一定的指导价值。     

品牌熟悉对广告过程中品牌态度改变的影响

文章通过分析广告前后被试者品牌态度的变化,研究了在不同的广告态度和信息相关度条件下被试者品牌熟悉程度对品牌态度变化的影响。结果显示品牌熟悉程度对品牌态度变化的调节作用并非单向的,而是与广告态度和信息相关度交互产生作用的。当被试者不熟悉品牌且有正面的广告态度时或当被试者不熟悉品牌且信息相关度较低时广告才能产生说服效果,进而使被试者的品牌态度发生改变。     

Message sidedness in advertising: the moderating roles of need for cognition and time pressure in persuasion

Persuasion has been extensively researched for decades. Much of this research has focused on different message tactics and their effects on persuasion (e.g., Chang & Chou, 2008; Lafferty, 1999). This research aims to assess whether the persuasion of a specific type of message is influenced by need for cognition (NFC) and time pressure. The 336 undergraduates participated in a 2 (message sidedness: one-sided/two-sided) × 3 (time pressure: low/moderate/high) between-subjects design. Results indicate that two-sided messages tend to elicit more favorable ad attitudes than one-sided messages. As compared with low-NFC individuals, high-NFC individuals are likely to express more favorable ad attitudes, brand attitudes and purchase intention. Moderate time pressure tends to lead to more favorable ad attitudes than low time pressure and high time pressure. In addition, moderate time pressure is likely to elicit more favorable brand attitudes and purchase intentions than high time pressure, but does not elicit more favorable brand attitudes and purchase intentions than low time pressure. Furthermore, when high-NFC individuals are under low or moderate time pressure, two-sided messages are more persuasive than one-sided messages; however, message sidedness does not differentially affect the persuasion when high-NFC individuals are pressed for time. In contrast, one-sided messages are more persuasive than two-sided messages when low-NFC individuals are under low or high time pressure, and two-sided messages are more persuasive than one-sided messages when low-NFC individuals are under moderate time pressure.     

Consumers’ Response to an Advertisement Using Brand Popularity in a Foreign Market

Abstract : This research examined how domestic consumers respond to an advertisement using brand popularity in a foreign market. By using structural equation modeling, it shows that the consumers’ response can change as a function of three characteristics of brand popularity in a foreign market: (a) expertise of foreign consumers, (b) similarity between domestic consumers and foreign consumers, and (c) animosity to a foreign country. Meanwhile, the similarity effect is found to be stronger for high‐preference heterogeneity than low‐preference heterogeneity. This research documents the importance of understanding the underlying mechanism to determine the effects of brand popularity in a foreign market on brand attitude and purchase intention.     

消费者品牌联想的建立与测量

品牌联想即记忆中与品牌结点联结的信息结点,它们构成品牌形象,是品牌资产的重要组成部分,具有网络结构性、聚类性、双向性、隐喻性、内隐性和多维性等特点。品牌联想是消费者购买决策和品牌忠诚的基础,因此企业需要建立独特、强烈、有利和深层次的品牌联想群以区别于竞争品牌。对品牌联想的测量包括识别联想内容及其网络结构。品牌联想概念的界定和维度模型的构建、测量方法的改进等都是将来仍需深入研究的问题     

矛盾的消费者是如何解读多元化口碑信息的?

以消费者态度的矛盾性为基础前提, 来探究消费者自身的矛盾态度与外界的多元化口碑信息之间的交互机制。通过两个现场实验发现, 消费者态度的矛盾性程度稳健地调节着消费者对外界信息的选择和处理。具体而言, 高矛盾性的消费者由于具有显著的减少矛盾的动机, 会选择性注意外界的正面信息和态度, 而低矛盾性的消费者减少矛盾的动机并不显著, 更倾向于选择性注意外界的负面信息和态度; 另一方面, 矛盾消费者的选择性注意效应受从众压力和群体共识的影响很小, 也即那些不处于消费者选择性关注范围内的信息和态度, 即使是多数人形成的共识, 对消费者仍然不会有显著影响。     

Reconnecting with the past in social media: The moderating role of social influence in nostalgia marketing on Pinterest

Nostalgia marketing practices in social media help brands link consumers with happier times from the past. A randomized 2 (evoked nostalgia: high vs. low) × 2 (social influence: high vs. low) between‐subjects factorial design experiment was conducted to examine the effects of nostalgia and social influence on consumers' judgments in the brand management context of Pinterest boards. The results revealed the strong main effect of evoked nostalgia on consumers' attitudes toward the Pinterest board and the brand, purchase intention, willingness to pass along branded pins, and brand–consumer relationship quality. Furthermore, this study discovered the significant moderating role of social influence for all dependent measures. Strongly (vs. weakly) evoked nostalgia generated more favorable responses only when social influence was high. In contrast, there were no significant differences between strongly and weakly evoked nostalgia when social influence was low. Theoretical contributions to the nostalgia literature and managerial implications for social media marketing are discussed.     

企业幽默能否化解消费者抱怨:幽默类型与关系范式的匹配

幽默可以促进沟通效果,实践中许多企业运用幽默来回应消费者抱怨。然而既有文献对于幽默能否以及如何有效化解抱怨缺乏系统深入的研究。本文则基于良性冲突理论与关系范式理论探究了企业幽默式抱怨回应策略对不同关系范式下消费者的影响。通过二手数据分析和实验法,本文发现:对于唤醒度较低的负面情感导致的消费者抱怨,企业幽默(相较于非幽默)的抱怨回应策略更有助于改善消费者品牌态度;而且,不同类型的幽默化回应作用不同,自强型幽默的抱怨回应对改善共有关系范式下消费者品牌态度更有效,自嘲型幽默的抱怨回应则有助于改善共有和交易关系范式下消费者的品牌态度;幽默回应策略与关系范式通过影响消费者的良性评价而作用于品牌态度。     

The influence of an online auction's product price and e-retailer reputation on consumers' perception, attitude, and behavioral intention

Online auctions combine the conventional auction model with information technology. However, information asymmetry within such auctions causes risks and uncertainties that influence consumer purchase intentions. In this study, a 2 (product price: high vs. low) × 2 (e-retailer reputation: high vs. low) experimental design was used to understand whether the product price and e-retailer reputation will influence consumers' perceived risk, attitude toward the website and purchase intention. The results of this study indicate that perceived risk negatively influences consumer attitude toward the website and online purchase intention, while consumer attitude toward the website positively influences purchase intention. Moreover, involvement moderates the influence of product price and e-retailer reputation only on social risk but does not have a significant effect on consumer attitude toward the website. This study contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of online auction users' behavior. Finally, the managerial implications, limitations and future research directions are also provided.     

Brand names on packaging and their impact on purchase preference

This study examines whether appearance of corporate, product and dual brand names (or a combination of brand names used together) on packaging influence consumer purchase preference. The face‐to‐face survey consists of consumers rating their purchase preference on a 7‐point scale sixteen random brand names, and combinations of brand names on packaging along with three different prices, each for two product categories: chocolate and cereals – a total of 4032 observations are examined. Hypotheses are tested using multiple linear regression models. The findings show corporate, product and dual brand names have little impact on purchase preference per se, instead brand category dominance influence consumer choice, and corporate names do not add value as previously thought. The study suggests trends and contexts in which, a corporate name and a product brand name may be extended to optimise consumer brand associations and influence purchase, as well as strategies for extending in remote product categories. Future research needs focusing on international consumers' response on brand linkages in the international arena, and the issues of brand building and brand equity maintenance in international markets. The study makes contribution to brand extension, brand portfolio management and strategic brand management research. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.