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1.
Measuring talkativeness is of interest to several areas of research. However, there are few brief, validated measures available.
We examined test-retest reliability, inter-relationships and convergent/divergent validity for five brief measures of verbal
productivity. Nineteen men and 32 women participated in four sessions, completing five speech tasks that varied in demand,
purpose of speech and sociability. Several potential metrics (word count, duration and rate) were examined. All tasks except
a novel Unprompted Speech task demonstrated good word count test-retest reliability (interclass correlation coefficients from
.71 to .85). Factor analysis revealed low-demand, non-functional tasks formed one factor (“Voluntary Talkativeness”), while
higher demand tasks formed a second factor (“Speech Ability”). This finding and examination of relationships with IQ, personality
and gender indicate “Voluntary Talkativeness” is not wholly accounted for by verbal ability, and is only weakly related to
self-reported personality. Recommendations for the measurement of “Voluntary Talkativeness” are made. 相似文献
2.
It has recently been shown that those individuals who experience more profound seasonal disturbances in mood and behavior
have increased levels of neurotic personality traits (Jang, Lam, Livesley, & Vernon, 1997; Kane & Lowis, 1999; Murray, Hay,
& Armstrong, 1995). The present study however proposes that the development and nature of seasonal depressions may be better
explained through consideration of the combined effects of neurotic and extraverted personality traits. Using the EPQ and
the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire, personality and levels of seasonal disturbance were measured in 77 adults (16
males and 61 females). As predicted, increased levels of neurotic personality traits were associated with more profound seasonal
disturbances in mood and behavior but the degree of seasonal variation in mood and behavior was equally well explained in
terms of “impulsivity” as reflecting the activity of the Behavioral Activation System. Overall, it is concluded that a more
integrated approach to personality could be adopted to aid the understanding of seasonal depressions. 相似文献
3.
It has recently been shown that those individuals who experience more profound seasonal disturbances in mood and behavior
have increased levels of neurotic personality traits (Jang, Lam, Livesley, & Vernon, 1997; Kane & Lowis, 1999; Murray, Hay,
& Armstrong, 1995). The present study however proposes that the development and nature of seasonal depressions may be better
explained through consideration of the combined effects of neurotic and extraverted personality traits. Using the EPQ and
the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire, personality and levels of seasonal disturbance were measured in 77 adults (16
males and 61 females). As predicted, increased levels of neurotic personality traits were associated with more profound seasonal
disturbances in mood and behavior but the degree of seasonal variation in mood and behavior was equally well explained in
terms of “impulsivity” as reflecting the activity of the Behavioral Activation System. Overall, it is concluded that a more
integrated approach to personality could be adopted to aid the understanding of seasonal depressions. 相似文献
4.
Jiaxiang Hu 《Frontiers of Philosophy in China》2011,6(1):41-56
Mencius’ aesthetics unfolded around the ideal personality in his mind. Such an ideal personality belonged to a great man who
was sublime, practical and honorable, and it was presented as the beauty of magnificence or the beauty of masculinity. Mencius
put forward many propositions such as “the completed goodness that is brightly displayed is called greatness,” nourishing
“one’s grand qi 气 (the great morale personality),” “only after a man is a sage can he completely suits himself to his own form,” “the saints
only apprehended before me that of which my mind approves along with other men,” being “conscious of sincerity on self-examination,”
and flowing “abroad, above and beneath, like that of Heaven and Earth,” all of which described an ideal personality through
the course of its formation and its psychological experience. As a prominent school before the Qin dynasty, Mencius’ aesthetics
greatly developed the Confucian teaching of “internal sage.” It shared many similarities with Zhuangzi’s thought and was also
an aesthetic mode opposed to the latter. Both kinds of aesthetics were prominent: Mencius’ teaching was like imposingly towering
and muscularly overflowing majestic mountains; Zhuangzi’s thought was like gracefully flowing water with an air of femininity.
In real life though, Mencius’ teaching has greater practical significance in addressing the unbearable lightness of being,
a disease of modernity. 相似文献
5.
Soo-Young Kwon 《Pastoral Psychology》2008,56(6):573-584
Criteria for well-being and spirituality are culturally bound. In this article, therefore, the notions of well-being and spirituality
were reconsidered from a Korean perspective. Two major conceptual approaches that pertain to “subjective well-being” research
in social psychology provide the methodological framework for this study. While “bottom-up” approaches focus on how external
events and situations influence happiness, “top-down” approaches center on diverse variables within an individual and his
or her culture. Noting the cultural differences between American and Korean self-construals (i.e., independence vs. interdependence),
the author argues that Koreans need to construct “top-down” approaches to both well-being and spirituality. Reviewing Robert
Emmon’s concept of “spiritual intelligence,” the author also suggests an integrative model for spirituality and well-being
in Korea. 相似文献
6.
Shawn Blau PhD. J. Ryan Fuller Thomas P. Vaccaro 《Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy》2006,24(2):87-100
This study investigates the relationship between three types of disputes used in Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), and the five personality domains of the Five Factor Model of Personality. A sample of 194 subjects was assessed for the use of three categories of REBT disputes using the Ellis Emotional Efficiency Inventory (EEEI), and for the Big Five personality dimensions using the NEO-Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI). Disputing against “awfulizing” was found to correlate inversely with Neuroticism. Disputing against “self-downing” was found to correlate positively with both Extraversion and Conscientiousness. Disputing against “low frustration tolerance” was found to correlate positively with Agreeableness and Openness. Implications for REBT practice and research are discussed. 相似文献
7.
Patterns of cognitive ageing 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Neuroanatomical evidence suggests that normal ageing affects some brain areas, and the “local” functions they support, earlier
and more severely than others. Changes appear to be especially marked in the hippocampus, temporal association and prefrontal
cortex. Evidence from classical neuropsychological studies suggests that these brain areas are associated with memory and
“executive” functions, respectively. We may, therefore, expect that tests purported to measure these functions may be disproportionately
affected in old age and that there may be evidence for some separation of these functions even within neurologically normal
populations. What we also know, however, is that measures reflecting general fluid ability also decline with increasing age,
so any hypothesis relating to specific “local” deficits must acknowledge and account for any “globar” changes in performance.
Volunteers (n=162) aged between 60–80 years who had completed the Cattell and Cattell Culture Fair Intelligence Test (CCF) completed the
Cambridge Automated Neuropsychological Test Battery (CANTAB). The CANTAB has been administered to several patient populations
and tests from the battery have been shown to be sensitive to damage in both temporal and prefrontal areas (Owen et al., 1996).
Results from the test battery showed that both the Paired Associate Learning and Spatial Recognition tests were the most sensitive
to normal ageing even when CCF is accounted for. In contrast, this performance on the “executive” tests, shown to be sensitive
to frontal lobe damage, was not related to age, and CCF scores predicted performance on these tests. These results are discussed
in relation to theories of cognitive ageing and patterns of change and in relation to several important methodological and
theoretical considerations for the study of executive function.
Received: 31 March 1999 / Accepted: 23 July 1999 相似文献
8.
A number of journalists and scholars have pointed to the sexual objectification of women and men in popular media to argue
that Western culture has become “sexualized” or even “pornified.” Yet it is not clear whether men or women have become more
frequently—or more intensely sexualized—over time. In a longitudinal content analysis of images of women and men on more than
four decades of Rolling Stone magazine covers (1967–2009), we begin to answer such questions. Using a unique analytical framework that allows us to measure
both the frequency and intensity of sexualization, we find that sexualized images of men and women have increased, though
women continue to be more frequently sexualized than men. Yet our most striking finding is the change in how women—but not men—are sexualized. Women are increasingly likely to be “hypersexualized,” but men are not. These findings
not only document changes in the sexualization of men and women in popular culture over time, they also point to a narrowing
of the culturally acceptable ways for “doing” femininity as presented in popular media. 相似文献
9.
James E. Taylor 《Philosophia》2007,35(3-4):289-292
In “Models of God,” Ted Peters discusses a methodology for formulating and evaluating models of God, surveys nine models,
and proposes one that he entitles “Eschatological Panentheism.” This paper provides critical comments on Peters’ methodological
claims, taxonomy of models of God, and specific proposal. This paper has been delivered during APA Pacific 2007 Mini-Conference
on Models of God.Both Peters’ “Models of God” and these comments were presented at the “Models of God” mini-conference at
the Pacific Division Meetings of the American Philosophical Association in April of 2007. 相似文献
10.
The present study compared the personality characteristics assessed in life stories of 40 highly generative adults to those
in the life stories of a contrasting sample of 30 less generative adults. Life-story interviews of all 70 subjects were rated
with the California Adult Q-Sort (CAQ; Block, 1961). The results were compared to the “expert” generativity CAQ profile compiled
by Peterson and Klohnen (1995). The results indicated that highly generative adults were more likely to construct life stories
indicative of such positive generativity characteristics as “behaves in a giving way toward others” and “is turned to for
advice and reassurance” compared to adults low in generativity. Furthermore, the highly generative adults related life-story
accounts in which negative generativity qualities such as “has hostility toward others” and “is self-indulgent” were more
uncharacteristic than those expressed in the low-generativity adults' stories. The study adds to a growing empirical literature
on the meaning and manifestations of generativity in adult lives and suggests that the CAQ is a useful tool for uncovering
personality characteristics expressed in the life-story accounts generated by adults. 相似文献
11.
The Facing Our Risk of Cancer Empowered (FORCE) website is devoted to women at risk for hereditary breast and ovarian cancers.
One of the most frequently discussed topics on the archived messaged board has been prophylactic mastectomy (PM) for women
with a BRCA1/2 mutation. We reviewed the messages, over a 4 year period, of 21 high risk women and their “conversational”
partners who originally posted on a thread about genetic testing, genetic counseling and family history. We used a qualitative
research inductive process involving close reading, coding and identification of recurrent patterns, relationships and processes
in the data. The women sought emotional support, specific experiential knowledge and information from each other. They frequently
found revealing their post PM status problematic because of possible negative reactions and adopted self-protective strategies
of evasion and concealment outside of their web-based community. The FORCE message board was considered to be a safe place
in which the women could be truthful about their choices and feelings. Results are discussed in terms of Goffman’s concepts
“stigma” and “disclosure” and Charmaz’s concepts “interruptions,” “intrusions” and a “dreaded future.” 相似文献
12.
This article is based on a review of recent literature on “computing stress”; that is, on the psychological stress effects
of working with computer systems. Current research into the sources of computer-related stress has tended to concentrate on
those employees who operate Visual Display Units (VDUs), either on a full-time professional basis as word-processor (WP) operators,
data-entry clerks, secretaries, or those dealing with enquiries from the public; or employees who use the VDU irregularly
as part of their other duties. A few studies have looked at specific occupation groups, such as printers (Kalimo & Lepp?nen,
1985), information technology professionals (programers and analysts), process workers, and college students (Sproull, Kiesler,
& Zubrow, 1984). Generally, however, research has been carried out on office workers, more often women, carrying out administrative
tasks. An attempt is made to identify those potential work-related stressors that have been isolated by these studies, and
also included are criticisms of the general methodologies used in many of them.
The terms “visual display unit,” “visual display terminal,” VDU, VDT, and “terminal” are used interchangeably. 相似文献
13.
Fernando Luiz Cardoso 《Sexuality & culture》2002,6(4):45-72
This ethnography research attempts to detect the male perception and behavior on sexual and gender relations in a small and
simple life style fishing village on the south Atlantic Coast of Brazil. The fieldwork lasted six months and consists of personal
participant observation and long personal interviews with 41 men ranging in terms of sexual orientation from 0 to 6 according
to Kinsey’s scale. In summary, perceptions and behaviors in this “simple society” are very atypical in relation to professional
middle class in urban area of southeast of Brazil. In this society even many “straight” men customarily have sex with local
“gay” men. The local “gay” men, called “paneleiros”, present a homosexual behavior typical to other societies. In comparison
to other cross-cultural research the outcome of this case study suggests that it is possible to have at least three different
categories of male sexuality: men who have sex only with other men, men who have sex only with women, and men who have sex
with men and women; In addition it brings more concrete evidence to the current literature that suggests some kind of universal
homosexual identity at least for people who are close to 6 in Kinsey’s scale.
Assistant professor at Santa Catarina State University (Brazil) and scholarship and grant recipient from CAPES (Brazil). 相似文献
14.
Augustine’s <Emphasis Type="Italic">Confessions</Emphasis>: The Story of a Divided Self and the Process of Its Unification 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Donald Capps 《Pastoral Psychology》2007,55(5):551-569
This article takes up William James’ observation that Saint Augustine is “a classic example” of the discordant personality
or divided self, and employs E. R. Dodd’s equally classic (1927–28) article on Augustine’s “spiritual maladjustment” to explore
the psychological bases, especially parental, for Augustine’s discordant personality, and to evaluate the effectiveness of
Augustine’s efforts to overcome the discordancy through a personal religious conversion. 相似文献
15.
16.
Stuart B. Litvak Ph.D. 《Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy》1994,24(1):7-14
This article advances a proposal for a newly identified type of personality disorder. While, like some of the other major
personality disorders, the abrasive personality disorder (AbPD) shares some features with other Axis II disorders, it may
however be considered as possessing sufficient idiosyncratic features as to warrant a separate classification. There are few
documented discussions of this disorder within the historical confines of scientific psychology, however a good deal of attention
is being focused currently in the popular press, under the rubric of “difficult people,” “control freaks,” and the like. The
disorder is defined, its distinguishing characteristics delineated, with theoretical discussion provided. Some rudimentary
assessment approaches are noted, with a call for research in this virgin territory. 相似文献
17.
Jaco J. Hamman 《Pastoral Psychology》2010,59(6):769-781
The relationship between losses within mainline Protestant churches and the resistance to women in ministry is explored. Loss
in congregations and denominations awakens an unconscious desire for a “dominant other” that will save the church from real
or perceived loss or even the threat of death. Women are not seen as “dominant” and are thus overlooked when leadership for
restoration is sought. Loss may also awaken unconscious resentment and hatred against women. Women are associated with the
“wombishness” of Jesus, a trait historically rejected, but one that could not be destroyed even as it remained life-giving
and nurturing. 相似文献
18.
We examined whether, due to men’s desire to reject stereotypically feminine traits in themselves, a masculinity threat would
elicit negative affect toward effeminate, but not masculine gay men. Fifty-three male undergraduates from the United States
received bogus feedback that they had either a “masculine” or “feminine” personality before rating affect toward two “types”
of gay men: effeminate and masculine. Results were consistent with the notion that defensive reactions target groups stereotyped
as having the specific traits perceivers wish to deny in themselves: masculinity threat selectively increased negative affect
toward effeminate, but not masculine, gay men. Thus, gay men who exhibit feminine traits may be at particular risk from men
whose masculinity is threatened. 相似文献
19.
Nicholas P. Spanos T. X. Barber Gerald Lang 《Integrative psychological & behavioral science》2005,40(3):119-128
Eighty Ss were first tested for base-level response to a pain-producing stimulus and then were re-tested on the same pain
stimulus after receiving 1 of 8 experimental treatments. The 8 treatments were arranged in a 2×2×2 factorial design: presence
or absence of hypnotic induction procedure; presence or absence of instructions for anesthesia; and presence or absence of
demands for honest reports. Neither the hypnotic-induction procedure nor the demands for honesty affected the Ss’ reports
of the degree of pain experienced. The anesthesia instructions—“think of the hand as numb and insensitive as if it were a
piece of rubber...”— produced an equal degree of pain reduction in hypnotic and non-hypnotic Ss and in Ss who were and those
who were not exposed to demands for honesty. The results indicate that (a) Ss’ reports of pain are less affected by demands
for honesty and are more closely related to their actual experiences than has been previously assumed and (b) instructions
which direct Ss to exercise cognitive control over painful sensory input are effective (with or without ‘hypnosis’) in reducing
the experience of pain. 相似文献
20.
Picture naming in 3- to 8-year-old French children: Methodological considerations for name agreement
Picture naming has become an important experimental paradigm in cognitive psychology. Young children are more variable than
adults in their naming responses and less likely to know the object or its name. A consequence is that the interpretation
of the two classical measures used by Snodgrass and Vanderwart (1980) for scoring name agreement in adults (the percentage
of agreement, based on modal name, and theH statistic, based on alternative names) will differ because of the high rate of “don’t know object” responses, common in young
children, relative to the low rate of “don’t know object” responses more characteristic of adults. The present study focused
on this methodological issue in young French children (3–8 years old), using a set of 145 Snodgrass-Vanderwart pictures. Our
results indicate that the percentage of agreement based on the expected name is a better measure of picture-naming performance
than are the commonly used measures. The norms may be downloaded from www.psychonomic.org/archive. 相似文献