阿司匹林在高血压治疗中的应用与意义

高血压,即使是经过了治疗,仍较正常人有较高的心血管并发症的发生。高血压有关的并发症对患者的生活质量及预后有较大的影响。其首要死亡原因是缺血性事件。阿司匹林是经过大量安慰剂对照、随机临床试验证实、可降低首次心肌梗死及缺血性脑卒中危险的抗血小板药物。近年来有关阿司匹林在防治缺血性心血管病方面的循证医学证据逐渐增多,国内及国际的心血管病防治指南均推荐应用阿司匹林。随着卒中预防领域内几项关键性的临床试验（ESPRIT、CHARISMA及WHS）的公布,美国心脏协会／美国卒中协会写作委员会对2006版指南的内容进行了更新。本文结合新的临床试验的证据,对阿司匹林在高血压治疗中的意义进行了分析,以期能更适当地应用阿司匹林,减少与高血压有关的缺血事件,提高人口的生存质量及寿命。     

如何看待老年高血压的降压目标值

卒中及心血管事件的发生,随着高血压患者血压的增加而升高。降压治疗对预防卒中及心血管事件(包括心力衰竭)是有效的。过去的几十年来,降压治疗给不同亚组人群都带来了不同的益处。但是,正如不同时期的临床诊疗指南所强调的那样,对于老年人,尤其是80岁以上,获益的临床证据还不充分。老年高血压患者多有其他伴发或并发症,不仅需用降压治疗,还应有伴发疾病的特殊处理。在这一人群最佳的目标血压是最大治疗获益时的血压。2014年中国专家建议指出,对于≥65岁的高血压患者,降压目标为150/90mmHg以下,如可以耐受,收缩压可控制在140mmHg以内,对于80岁及以上者不应低于130/60mmHg。     

《中国高血压防治指南》2005年修订版要点解析

指南是依据流行病学和大规模随机临床试验的最佳证据而修订的。指南的要点是:从110/75mmHg开始,人群血压水平与心血管病发生危险呈连续相关;正常高值血压(120～139mmHg/80～89mmHg)应改善生活方式以预防高血压发生;2002年调查我国有1.6亿高血压患者,但知晓率、治疗年和控制率很低;降低高血压患者的血压水平是预防脑卒中及心脏事件的根本。     

《中国高血压防治指南》2005年修订版要点解析

指南是依据流行病学和大规模随机临床试验的最佳证据而修订的.指南的要点是:从110/75mmHg开始,人群血压水平与心血管病发生危险呈连续相关;正常高值血压(120～139mmHg/80～89mmHg)应改善生活方式以预防高血压发生;2002年调查我国有1.6亿高血压患者,但知晓率、治疗年和控制率很低;降低高血压患者的血压水平是预防脑卒中及心脏事件的根本.     

高血压患者长期应用阿司匹林应注意的问题

我国高血压患者人数已高达1．6亿。高血压的严重后果是心脑血管血栓性事件（心绞痛、心肌梗死、脑梗死等）发生率的显著增高。大量的证据显示,每天100mg阿司匹林可以有效预防血栓性事件,使心肌梗死的发生率下降1／3,脑梗死发生率下降1／4,心血管疾病病死率下降1／6,国内外指南均明确规定有适应证的高血压患者需终身服用阿可匹林。本文就长期应用阿司匹林应注意的问题做一综述。     

再谈缺血性脑卒中的二级预防——欧洲缺血性卒中新指南解读

脑卒中具有高复发率的特点,而且复发性卒中比首次卒中更容易引起严重的残疾,预后更差。因此加强脑卒中的二级预防十分必要。2008年5月6日欧洲卒中组织发布了最新的缺血性卒中和短暂性脑缺血发作的治疗指南。该指南用较大的篇幅,对缺血性脑卒中的二级预防,从控制血管危险因素、抗栓治疗、外科治疗和血管成形术等几个方面进行了较全面的阐述。其中不乏最新的循证医学证据和观点,值得我们借鉴。     

阿司匹林抵抗及对策

阿司匹林广泛应用于心血管事件的预防,减少了心血管事件的发生。阿司匹林通过不可逆地和脂肪酸环氧化酶结合,抑制血小板聚集的激动剂血栓素A2的合成,发挥抗血小板聚集作用。但也有一些患者服用阿司匹林过程中有的血小板聚集能力和临床缺血事件不能被抑制。阿司匹林抵抗通常是指阿司匹林治疗未能引起预期的生物学效应抑制血栓素的生物合成或未能预防血栓事件的现象。导致这种现象的确切原因较复杂,包括不适当应用药物的相互作用,剂量不足,环氧化酶-1基因的多态性,及非血小板依赖血栓形成途径等有关。临床医生应该了解这些导致阿司匹林抵抗的因素,规范阿司匹林的应用剂量,适当地联合应用其他药物治疗。     

从不同高血压防治指南的比较看高血压治疗策略的变化

为减少因高血压造成的各种心血管事件,世界不同地区制定或修订了适合自己的高血压防治指南。通过对JNC7、ESH/ESC及2004年中国高血压防治指南的比较及分析,以便能更全面、正确地理解和发展我国新的高血压指南,并将该指南灵活运用于实际工作。     

阿司匹林在缺血性脑卒中二级预防应用的现况调查

调查缺血性脑卒中患者二级预防中阿司匹林的使用情况,并初步分析其影响因素。本研究为现况调查,调查对象为神经内科门诊与病房就诊既往诊断明确的脑梗死或短暂性脑缺血发作患者,调查其近两周内的阿司匹林使用情况及相关影响因素。经过调查初步得出缺血性脑卒中幸存者应该给予抗血小板药物,除非预计患者不久将死亡或有严重的禁忌证,阿斯匹林应用比例少,剂量不足,应引起患者及医务人员的重视,临床医师应遵循临床指南给与正确的指导。     

从不同高血压防治指南的比较看高血压治疗策略的变化

为减少因高血压造成的各种心血管事件,世界不同地区制定或修订了适合自己的高血压防治指南.通过对JNC7、ESH/ESC及2004年中国高血压防治指南的比较及分析,以便能更全面、正确地理解和发展我国新的高血压指南,并将该指南灵活运用于实际工作.     

正确认识高血压患者应用阿司匹林的出血问题

高血压作为一种全球性的心脑血管疾病,会导致多器官损害,其患者发生心肌梗死、心绞痛、脑卒中等血栓栓塞性事件的几率远远高于血压正常者,因此防止心脑血管事件的发生是高血压治疗中的一个重要目标。多项大型临床研究证明,阿司匹林可以有效预防高血压患者心脑血管事件发生,同时也增加了出血的危险。本文将探讨如何正确认识高血压患者应用阿司匹林的出血问题,并如何将出血的危险降低到最小。     

Retraction Note: Globalization and vulnerable populations in times of a pandemic: A Mayan perspective

Understanding representations of disease in various art genres provides insights into how patients and health care providers view the diseases. It can also be used to enhance patient care and stimulate patient self-management. This paper reviews how cardiovascular diseases are represented in novels, films, and paintings: myocardial infarction, aneurysm, hypertension, stroke, heart transplantation, Marfan’s disease, congestive heart failure. Various search systems and definitions were used to help identify sources of representations of different cardiovascular diseases. The representations of the different diseases were considered separately. The Common Sense Model was used a theoretical model to outline illness perceptions and self-management in the various identified novels, films, and paintings. Myocardial infarction followed by stroke were the most frequently detailed diseases in all three art genres. This reflects their higher prevalence. Representations ranged from biomedical details through to social and psychological consequences of the diseases. Artistic representations of cardiovascular diseases reflect cognitions, emotions, and images of prevalent disease. These representations shape views and behaviour of ill and healthy persons regarding heart diseases. As these representations are amenable to change, they deserve further research, which may be instrumental in improving the quality of life of persons struck by cardiovascular diseases. Changing illness perceptions appears to be a method to improve self-management and thereby quality of life in patients with various cardiovascular diseases.     

Hyperperfusion syndromes: insight into the pathophysiology and treatment of hypertensive encephalopathy

Hypertensive encephalopathy is one of the manifestations of a hypertensive crisis. It is not the absolute value of the blood pressure that causes the encephalopathy, rather the presence of an abrupt rise in pressure. In terms of clinical and radiographic findings, there are many similarities among a group of entities, including hypertensive encephalopathy, eclampsia, and immunosuppressant neurotoxicity. Hyperperfusion syndromes may represent these clinical disease states that may share the same pathophysiology. Magnetic resonance imaging fluid attenuated inversion recovery sequences have recognized the prominent cortical involvement of the disease that had been previously missed on computed tomography. Studies have found cortical involvement in 94% of their patients, particularly in mild cases. Animal models demonstrate endothelial damage and enhanced pinocytosis in the cortex as reasons why edema may begin in that region of the brain. Patients diagnosed with hypertensive encephalopathy should be diagnosed and treated promptly in order to avoid further neurological complications. The mean arterial pressure should be lowered by 20% to 25% within the first hour of patient presentation, followed by further gradual reduction in blood pressure over the following 24 hours. Hypertensive emergency in acute ischemic stroke should be managed with more caution. According to the 2003 American Stroke Association treatment guidelines, for patients with ischemic stroke not eligible for thrombolytic therapy, target blood pressures are a diastolic blood pressure <120 mmHg and systolic blood pressure <220 mmHg. The systolic pressure must be <185 mmHg and diastolic pressure <110 mmHg at all times if eligible for thrombolytic therapy.     

糖尿病防治的策略转变——从关注糖化血红蛋白到着眼心血管事件

通过对2型糖尿病心血管终点事件的观察,更多的临床证据提示,糖尿病的治疗目标应该以减少心血管事件为主。糖尿病防治从策略上发生了两个转变,即以血糖为中心转向以防治心血管事件为中心的多危险因素综合防治策略;以糖化血红蛋白检测作为血糖评价的金标准转向以血糖量、质、时程控制的全面评价策略。     

老年高血压降压不易达标及降压质量低的原因分析及对策

老年高血压降压不易达标或降压质量低,原因在于老年高血压的特殊性,如多发收缩期高血压、血压波动大、易发生体位性低血压、合并多脏器功能损害等。在老年高血压的治疗中,应充分认识其特殊性,开展健康教育、改善生活方式,正确选择降压药,在降压达标治疗的基础上,提高降压质量,最大限度降低患者靶器官损害,减少心血管终点事件的发生。     

Beyond intravenous thrombolysis

The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke trial of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator has been considered a landmark study in the acute treatment of ischemic stroke. Unfortunately, only a small percentage of all ischemic stroke patients presents to the hospital in time to receive the drug. Moreover, the recannalization rate of a major artery occlusion, such as the proximal middle cerebral artery or top of the internal carotid artery occlusion, after intravenous (IV) thrombolytic therapy has been disappointingly low. Since the Food and Drug Administration's approval of IV plasminogen activator, there have been numerous randomized clinical trials investigating the safety and efficacy of different thrombolytics administered in various time frames. In addition to the IV administration, efforts have been made in order to study the radiographic as well as clinical effects of intra-arterial (IA) thrombolysis. The combination of IV and IA thrombolysis has been studied. For patients who do not qualify for receiving chemical thrombolysis, new devices have been developed for mechanical thrombectomy. Angioplasty and stenting procedures are being performed more frequently than in the past as one of the treatment modalities for acute ischemic stroke patients. Relentless research effort is being made internationally in order to fight the devastating disease which now goes beyond the conventional IV thrombolysis.     

Risk factors for arterial ischemic stroke in childhood

Stroke affects up to 13 of 100,000 children, is more common in boys and African Americans, and is associated with considerable cognitive and psychiatric morbidity, as well as motor disability. Around half are hemorrhagic and half are ischemic. Underlying conditions include sickle cell disease, cardiac abnormalities, chromosomal abnormalities (eg, Down syndrome), and neurocutaneous conditions (eg, neurofibromatosis), but up to half the patients with ischemic stroke have no previously diagnosed condition. Although there is almost certainly an important genetic component to stroke risk, head trauma, infections, drugs and radiation appear to play an etiological role in some patients. The majority of the patients with infarction in an arterial distribution have associated cerebrovascular disease. Vascular pathologies include carotid or vertebrobasilar dissection, intracranial vasculopathy affecting the middle and anterior cerebral arteries, which is often transient, and moyamoya. Intermediate risk factors may include hypertension, hypoxia, and poor nutrition leading, for example, to iron deficiency and hyperhomocysteinemia. Some chronic conditions may directly influence the child's behavior and stroke recurrence risk, although large cohorts and randomized controlled trials will be needed before strategies for modification can be evidence-based.     

The relation of hypertension to cognitive function

Hypertension is an established risk factor for stroke. However, prior to such a major clinical event, hypertension exerts a more subtle impact on the brain that is revealed by diminished cognitive function. Studies comparing the performance of people with high and normal blood pressure levels have shown that high blood pressure or hypertension is related to poorer performance on tests of attention, learning and memory, executive functions, visuospatial skills, psychomotor abilities, and perceptual skills. Hypertension is also predictive of cognitive decline. Variables that may alter (i.e., moderate) the relation of hypertension to cognitive function include age, education, several biological characteristics of hypertension, and the presence of concurrent diseases. Although hypertensives are not clinically impaired, their diminished levels of cognitive performance could affect their perceived quality of life. Various brain mechanisms may explain the relation of hypertension to lower levels of cognitive function. Further understanding of the relation between hypertension and cognition is critical to the preservation of cognitive function across the life span.