学习不良儿童社会性发展特点的研究

对211名10—15岁学习不良儿童社会性发展特点的研究表明,学习不良儿童在本研究确定的社会交往、自我概念和行为问题诸维度上具有独特的年龄和性别特点。学习不良女孩的社会性发展水平略高于学习不良男孩;随年龄递增．学习不良儿童的社会性发展水平不断得到提高,但其在不同年龄阶段的特点则有所不同。同时．学习不良儿童社会性发展诸方面存在着交互作用。     

A COMPARISON OF GROUP AND INDIVIDUAL SEXUAL ASSAULT VICTIMS

The experiences of 44 group sexual assault victims (multiple offenders, one victim) were compared with 44 individual sexual assault victims (one offender, one victim). Sexual assaults included various degrees of sexual victimization ranging from verbal coercion to rape. Participants were located from among a national sample of 3,187 college women. Group sexual assaults, compared to individual sexual assaults, were in general more violent, involved greater resistance from the victims, and were more likely to be perpetrated by strangers or relatives and to involve an experience which met the legal definition of rape. Group sexual assaults were less likely to involve multiple episodes by the same offender(s). Group sexual assault victims were more likely than individual sexual assault victims to seek police and crisis services, to have contemplated suicide, and to have sought therapy postassault. Despite these differences, the two groups were similar in the amount of drinking and drug use during the assault and their scores on standardized measures of psychological symptoms.     

POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGICAL CAPITAL: MEASUREMENT AND RELATIONSHIP WITH PERFORMANCE AND SATISFACTION

Two studies were conducted to analyze how hope, resilience, optimism, and efficacy individually and as a composite higher-order factor predicted work performance and satisfaction. Results from Study 1 provided psychometric support for a new survey measure designed to assess each of these 4 facets, as well as a composite factor. Study 2 results indicated a significant positive relationship regarding the composite of these 4 facets with performance and satisfaction. Results from Study 2 also indicated that the composite factor may be a better predictor of performance and satisfaction than the 4 individual facets. Limitations and practical implications conclude the article.     

MISCONCEPTIONS ABOUT THE ASSESSMENT AND DIAGNOSIS OF READING DISABILITY

Even though reading instruction had been historically the most important academic responsibility of schools, recently, it has drawn much greater attention because language processing has become the backbone of the unprecedented advancement in information technology. In light of this background, specific reading disability (RD, hereafter) has become the focus of intense research efforts. As the most commonly encountered variety of Learning Disability, RD is almost always identified on the basis of a discrepancy seen between the IQ score of the at-risk reader and his or her reading achievement score. In general, poor readers who have a “significant” discrepancy between IQ and achievement are classified as having learning disability (LD, hereafter); poor readers whose reading score and IQ are on par with each other are identified as not having a learning disability. This procedure, in essence, classifies children who experience difficulty in learning to read into two categories: poor readers with reading disability and poor readers without reading disability. This approach is based on the assumption that poor readers identified as having reading disability are qualitatively different from poor readers who are not so identified. This paper examines the validity of this form of classification and offers a new approach for dealing with children with reading problems. The proposed approach utilizes a method of diagnosis which is based on the Componential Model of reading which, instead of categorizing poor readers into the two categories, focuses on the cause of the reading difficulty and targets remedial instruction at the source of the reading problem.     

积极心理资本：测量及其与心理健康的关系

在文献分析和参考国内外相关测量工具的基础上,编制了包含自我效能、韧性、乐观、希望等4个因子的积极心理资本问卷(PPQ)。信度和效度验证的结果显示,该问卷具有良好的结构效度和内部一致性信度;验证性因子分析的结果也支持了心理资本这一高阶因子的合理性。研究还发现,积极心理资本及其子成分与自尊、内控性、情感平衡以及焦虑、抑郁、偏执、人际敏感等心理健康指标有显著的相关,回归分析的结果也显示心理资本对心理健康有积极的促进作用。     

DEFINING DISABILITY FOR WOMEN AND THE PROBLEM OF UNPAID WORK

National policy and much of scholarly research on disability overlook the importance of unpaid family work and instead focus on disability in paid work, largely in male samples. Because of societal expectations about appropriate social roles for men and women, women tend to assume responsibility for unpaid work in the family and also tend to have paid work that is characterized by low pay and limited autonomy. This article discusses the political, theoretical, and methodological issues relating to defining and measuring paid and unpaid work disability for women and men within the context of these structural factors. The results of a study analyzing disability in both paid work and unpaid family work among a sample of 206 women with rheumatoid arthritis are presented. The study demonstrates the feasibility of measuring disability in family work and shows that women experience significant limitations in homemaker functioning as well as in paid work roles.     

SOCIAL ROOTS AND PSYCHOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS OF TIME PERSPECTIVE

Hypotheses concerning socio-economic conditions related with the development, psychological processes and behavioral sequels of time perspective were tested on 249 students, 19–23 years of age. Three dimensions of time perspective viz. future orientation (FO), future extension and total extension were measured. In study 1, ANOVA revealed significant differences between high, medium and low deprived groups on all three dimensions of time perspective. Deprivation on experiential dimension significantly and adversely influenced FO but physico-economic deprivation did not. Study 2 revealed that future oriented and extended outlook is augmented by a reflective style as measured by MFFT. 2×2 ANOVA on delay of gratification scores revealed significant main effects of reflective-impulsive style, and FO. Significant interaction effect showed that those subjects who had high future orientation as well as a reflective style were better able to tolerate delay of gratification.     

THE PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL ORIGINS OF AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL MEMORY

Recent research an young children's memory for personal episodes provides new insights into the phenomenon of Infantile amnesia, first identified by Freud. New research indicates that children learn to share memories with others, that they acquire the narrative forms of memory recounting, and that such recounts are effective in reinstating experienced memories only after the children can utilize another person's representation of an experience in language as a reinstatement of their own experience. This competence requires a level of mastery of the representational function of language that appears at the earliest in the mid to late preschool years.     

直销人员心理品质研究与测评

本研究从直销的特点出发,运用自编“直销人员心理品质测评量表”对１８３名优秀直销商进行测试,并对测试结果进行因素分析,抽取出优秀直销商必备的五项主要心理品质,即自我控制力、成就动机、社会适应性、推销技巧、职业兴趣。     

应对策略和社会支持对提高哮喘患者生活质量的作用

探讨应对策略及社会支持在心理干预对哮喘患者生活质量提高中的作用。采用随机对照的方法,将374名哮喘患者分为实验组（228人）及对照组（146人）,实验组除进行常规的药物治疗外,配合以系统的心理干预方法。选用生活质量问卷、医用应对问卷及社会支持评定量表对治疗前后的生活质量状况、应对策略及社会支持水平进行测量。治疗后,在生活质量总分及各维度、社会支持总分以及对社会支持的利用度上,实验组和对照组得分都有所提高．但实验组提高的分值要显著大于对照组;在回避应对上,实验组和对照组都有所降低,但对照组的降低程度要显著大于实验组,在屈服应对上,实验组和对照组也都有所降低,但实验组的降低程度要显著大于对照组。多元逐步回归分析的结果显示,屈服的降低和对社会支持利用度的提高能够显著预测哮喘患者生活质量的提高。     

THE LONG-TERM PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS AND TREATMENT OF HOLOCAUST TRAUMA

The present article gives an overview of the long-term psychological effects of Holocaust traumatization on survivors and their offspring and suggests possible treatment strategies for these client populations. Based on interviews with and treatment of hundreds of such clients and on an extensive review of the literature, it also represents some of the cumulative experience of AMCHA, an Israeli treatment center devoted specifically to this issue.     

TRANSFERENCE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL KNOWLEDGE AND ITS IMPACT ON MEXICO

The impact of the transfer of the psychological knowledge from the developed countries to Mexico, is briefly described. It is clear that scientific psychological methodology and contents were introduced to Mexico at the end of the 19th Century. The impetus to the National Educational System was primarily derived from psychometric methods and secondarily from modern conceptions of education. The professional psychological practice in Mexico today is practically indistinguishable from its exercise in the developed nations as far as client services are concerned. On the other hand, there is relatively scarce and often inept use of professional or applied research techniques to the social problems of groups or to the evaluation of programs. The impact on pure and applied research, none the less, has been extensive and a relatively large number of people are doing research in several areas of psychology, particularly cross-cultural, neuro-psychological, the experimental analysis of behavior, action and interdisciplinary research in social and educational psychology. Priorities are: (1) Systematic teaching at the graduate level of the statistical and computational methodology of psychology in the context of research design and evaluation; (2) The operationalization or transferring to every day language of the concepts and techniques of psychology for use of the general public; (3) The better staffing of many, particularly the private schools of professional psychology.     

MOTIVATIONAL FORCES OF COGNITIVE DISSONANCE AND PSYCHOLOGICAL REACTANCE1

Etude expérimentale des effets de dissonance et de réactance sous trois conditions : (1) choix et restriction partielle de liberté; (2) aucun choix et restriction partielle de liberté; (3) aucun choix et restriction totale de liberté. Selon L'hypothèse principale, une fois la décision prise, et pour des Ss qui sont libres de choisir entre les possibilités existantes, les mécanismes de réduction de la dissonance prédomineraient sur les effets de réactance provoqués par la restriction de liberté. Les résultats confirment cette hypothèse. L'expérience a également pour but de vérifier dans un milieu culturel différent les assertions de ces deux théories de la motivation. Les résultats confirment les prédictions, pertinentes pour la situation expérimentale, de la théorie de dissonance, et donnent, pour la condition (2) (aucun choix et restriction partielle de liberté), quelques preuves de réactance psychologique.     

MODERN WOMEN AND THE DYNAMICS OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AMBIVALENCE

Because gender roles are rapidly changing, a more dynamic conceptualization of role is especially needed. Working toward this end, we build on the contributions of scholars such as Merton and Barber (1963), Rossi (1972), Bardwick and Douvan (1971), Koma-rovsky (1973a, 1973b), and Room (1976); develop two pivotal concepts, social psychological ambivalence and developmental alienation; and interpret current findings on the changing roles of women. Conflicts contemporary women may face because they are attracted to opposing values also are explored. One challenge for future researchers will be to clarify the situational factors that link ambivalence on the individual (i.e., psychological) level to structural or sociological ambivalence and to collective social action.     

THE LIFE CYCLE AND DISABILITY: EXPERIENCES OF DISCONTINUITY IN CHILD AND FAMILY DEVELOPMENT

Clinicians are often asked to work with parents who have one or more children with specific disabilities. Disability within the family can have a dramatic impact on family interactions and functioning across the course of the family life cycle. The authors review the potential role of disability within a family system and make specific suggestions for working with a family or the child with the disability.