“polypill”用于心血管疾病防治的利与弊

近年来一些学者提出"polypill"的概念,即在一粒药丸中混合多种药物,认为通过服用这种"多效药丸"将大大降低人群心血管事件的发生率和病死率。polypill为心血管疾病的防治提供了新的模式,但任何一种新的模式在实践中都会面临一些问题,我们应该用辨证的眼光去看待它,分析其使用的利弊,以达到尽可能为患者服务的目的。     

"polypill"用于心血管疾病防治的利与弊

近年来一些学者提出"polypill"的概念,即在一粒药丸中混合多种药物,认为通过服用这种"多效药丸"将大大降低人群心血管事件的发生率和病死率.polypill为心血管疾病的防治提供了新的模式,但任何一种新的模式在实践中都会面临一些问题,我们应该用辨证的眼光去看待它,分析其使用的利弊,以达到尽可能为患者服务的目的.     

Homophobia and Sexism: The Pros and Cons to an Integrative Approach

Madureira's (Integr Psych Behav, 42(23), 2007) article on the cultural barriers of homophobia articulates the need for an integrative approach to the study of homophobia and sexism. This comment focuses on critically examining the similarities and differences between homophobia and sexism. Sexism and homophobia are related concepts--both likely stem from a patriarchic social structure with specific expectations for the proper roles of men and women--but they are also distinct in important ways. The potential benefits of integrated research on racism and homophobia are also discussed.     

浅谈我国癌症筛查的利弊

筛查作为有效控制癌症的重要手段之一,已引起国际上众多政府机构和众多学者的广泛关注,根据我国及全球癌症筛查的现状与进展,分析癌症早期筛查的积极意义、癌症筛查的弊端,探讨适合我国国情的癌症筛查制度。我国应通过建立政府机构、教育机构和卫生系统共同参与的筛查模式,改进并寻求价廉效实的筛查技术,选择合理的因地制宜的筛查方式,推进全民健康教育,提高群众防癌意识,加强癌症的一级预防,从而实现到2030年我国总体癌症的生存率提高15%的目标。     

不同加工任务下情绪词的掩蔽重复启动效应

重复可促进信息的加工,人们对一定时间范围内重复出现的刺激能够更快更准的做出反应.本研究采用掩蔽重复启动范式,考察了情绪与非情绪判断任务中积极与消极词的阈下重复所产生的启动效应.结果发现.情绪判断任务下积极词反应优于消极词,并且表现出更大的重复启动效应;而具体抽象判断任务中,非重复启动条件下积极词反应仍优于消极词,但消极词重复产生了更大的启动作用,在启动条件下其反应优于积极词.     

网络时代知识生产方式的嬗变及其利弊刍议

网络时代的到来,促使人类的知识生产方式发生了由传统知识生产到网络知识生产的嬗变。相比于传统的知识生产,网络知识生产引发了知识生产方式的全新变革:知识生产的工具和媒介由传统的人工固态物变换为计算机和虚拟网络;知识生产的主体由传统的知识精英下移至网民大众;知识生产机理由相对封闭趋向开放;知识生产主体由"虚拟在场"代替"物理在场"。这些变革既给人类的知识生产和创造带来了极大便利,也不可避免地附带相应不足。对这一变革及其利弊进行的探讨和辨析,对人类的知识生产具有诸多的理论和实践意义。     

自我提升的利与弊：理论、实证及应用

自我提升的适应价值问题目前备受心理学家关注。进化与认知神经科学研究者认为自我提升在演化史中具有潜在的适应价值, 它具有生物遗传性; 而社会心理学家发现, 自我提升在现实中的表现是利弊参半的, 主要存在三种理论解释：调节因素论、生态比拟论、多维多功能模型; 临床咨询心理学家在实践中提出的发展适应性自我提升的建议, 有助于趋利避害地将自我提升加以应用。未来的研究将聚焦于测量的改进、文化、发展及内隐研究等领域。     

自上而下的因素对掩蔽启动中自动加工过程的影响

本文综述并探讨了自上而下因素的调节对启动过程的影响作用。自上而下因素的调节作用是指根据外界不断更新的对行为的要求, 大脑皮层的活动被设定于某种特殊的工作模式中。启动过程是指先前出现的启动刺激对随后目标刺激加工的易化和抑制, 是自动加工过程的体现。近年来, 部分研究认为启动范式引发的自动加工过程(包括知觉加工、语义加工和反应过程)可受到与注意、任务相关的自上而下因素的调节, 例如, 任务指导语的作用、对注意范围的设定等等。本文对此领域的研究及年龄因素进行了总结、分析和展望。启动效应可受到自上而下的注意、目的、任务要求等因素的调节, 且存在年龄因素的影响。     

非平衡双语者同源词和非同源词的掩蔽翻译启动效应

采用掩蔽启动范式下的词汇决定任务对非平衡维英双语者同源词和非同源词的启动效应进行考察。实验包括同源词和非同源词两个实验,均为2(启动类型)×2(翻译方向)两因素重复测量设计,结果显示非平衡维英双语者同源词启动效应显著,方向效应不显著,非同源词启动效应和方向效应均显著,同时,两个方向上(L1-L2、L2-L1),同源词启动效应均大于非同源词的启动效应。表明非平衡维英双语者具有同源词优势效应。此外,同源词两个方向的跨语言启动效应具有对称性,而非同源词两个方向的跨语言启动效应具有不对称性。     

两种麻醉方案用于经皮肾镜取石术的利弊分析和临床抉择

本文概括地比较了经皮肾镜取石术与传统取石术的优劣,指出了经皮肾镜取石术时理想麻醉方案的重要性,详细地分析了全身麻醉和椎管内麻醉用于经皮肾镜取石术的利弊,最后作者针对如何优化经皮肾镜取石术的麻醉方案进行了深入的思考.     

两种麻醉方案用于经皮肾镜取石术的利弊分析和临床抉择

本文概括地比较了经皮肾镜取石术与传统取石术的优劣,指出了经皮肾镜取石术时理想麻醉方案的重要性,详细地分析了全身麻醉和椎管内麻醉用于经皮肾镜取石术的利弊,最后作者针对如何优化经皮肾镜取石术的麻醉方案进行了深入的思考。     

鉴定干细胞源胰岛素分泌细胞的方法及其利弊

在诱导各种干细胞向胰岛素分泌细胞(insulin producing cells,IPCs)分化的研究中,或多或少地存在着分化效率低、分化细胞不够成熟以及分泌产物的性质难以确定等问题,而IPCs的功能决定了其治疗糖尿病的效果,也是衡量各种诱导方案的重要指标.如何合理、科学地对IPCs进行形态与功能鉴定?本文对此加以探讨.     

The Influence of the BDNF Val66Met Polymorphism on Mechanisms of Semantic Priming: Analyses with Drift-Diffusion Models of Masked and Unmasked Priming

Automatic and strategic processes in semantic priming can be investigated with masked and unmasked priming tasks. Unmasked priming is thought to enable strategic processes due to the conscious processing of primes, while masked priming exclusively depends on automatic processes due to the invisibility of the prime. Besides task properties, interindividual differences may alter priming effects. In a recent study, masked and unmasked priming based on mean response time (RT) and error rate (ER) differed as a function of the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism (Sanwald et al., 2020). The BDNF Val66Met polymorphism is related to the integrity of several cognitive executive functions and might thus influence the magnitude of priming. In the present study, we reanalyzed this data with drift-diffusion models. Drift-diffusion models conjointly analyze single trial RT and ER data and serve as a framework to elucidate cognitive processes underlying priming. Masked and unmasked priming effects were observed for the drift rates ν, presumably reflecting semantic preactivation. Priming effects on nondecision time t0 were especially pronounced in unmasked priming, suggesting additional conscious processes to be involved in the t0 modulation. Priming effects on the decision thresholds a may reflect a speed-accuracy tradeoff. Considering the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism, we found lowered drift rates and decision thresholds for Met allele carriers, possibly reflecting a superficial processing style in Met allele carriers. The present study shows that differences in cognitive tasks between genetic groups can be elucidated using drift-diffusion modeling.     

Mechanisms of Priming by Masked Stimuli: Inferences From Event-Related Brain Potentials

A metacontrast procedure was combined with the recording of event-related potentials (ERPs) to examine the mechanisms underlying the priming effect exerted by masked visual stimuli (primes) on target processing. Participants performed spatially arranged choice responses to stimulus locations. The relationship between prime and target locations (congruity) and the mapping between target and response locations (compatibility) were factorially manipulated. Although participants were unaware of prime locations, choice responses were faster for congruent than incongruent conditions irrespective of the mapping. Visual ERP components and the onset of the lateralized readiness potential (LRP), an index of specific motor activation, revealed that neither perceptual nor preselection processes contributed to the congruity effect. However, the LRP waveform indicated that primes activated responses that fit the stimulus-response mapping. These results support the view that sensorimotor processing of masked stimuli is functionally distinct from their conscious perception.     

鉴定干细胞源胰岛素分泌细胞的方法及其利弊

在诱导各种干细胞向胰岛素分泌细胞(insulin producing cells,IPCs)分化的研究中,或多或少地存在着分化效率低、分化细胞不够成熟以及分泌产物的性质难以确定等问题,而IPCs的功能决定了其治疗糖尿病的效果,也是衡量各种诱导方案的重要指标。如何合理、科学地对IPCs进行形态与功能鉴定本文对此加以探讨。     

Word Meaning Frequencies Affect Negative Compatibility Effects In Masked Priming

Negative compatibility effects (NCEs)—that is, slower responses to targets in related than unrelated prime-target pairs, have been observed in studies using stimulus-response (S-R) priming with stimuli like arrows and plus signs. Although there is no consensus on the underlying mechanism, explanations tend to locate NCEs within the motor-response system. A characteristic property of perceptuo-motor NCEs is a biphasic pattern of activation: A brief period in which very briefly presented (typically) masked primes facilitate processing of related targets is followed by a phase of target processing impairment. In this paper, we present data that suggest that NCEs are not restricted to S-R priming with low-level visual stimuli: The brief (50 ms), backward masked (250 ms) presentation of ambiguous words (bank) leads to slower responses than baseline to words related to the more frequent (rob) but not less frequent meaning (swim). Importantly, we found that slowed responses are preceded by a short phase of response facilitation, replicating the biphasic pattern reported for arrows and plus signs. The biphasic pattern of priming and the fact that the NCEs were found only for target words that are related to their prime word’s more frequent meaning has strong implications for any theory of NCEs that locate these effects exclusively within the motor-response system.