Les tâches de développement : un concept à redécouvrir

Over 60 years ago, developmental and educational psychologist Robert J. Havighurst (1948, 1953, 1972) proposed the concept of “developmental-task” in order to better understand and help improve if necessary the psychosocial development of the individual. This concept is still widely used in German and Anglo-American psychology and deserves, according to us, to be better known in France. Thus, the aim of the paper is to present different aspects of this concept and to demonstrate its interest for developmental psychology.     

ASSESSING THE CANDIDATE AS A WHOLE: A HISTORICAL AND CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT FOR PERSONNEL DECISION MAKING

Although individual assessment is a thriving area of professional practice in industry, it receives little, if any, attention from textbooks on industrial psychology or personnel management. This article is an attempt to establish individual assessment's place in the history of personnel selection, and to examine why the practice has survived despite receiving little attention in research and graduate training. It is argued that the clinical, holistic approach that has characterized individual-assessment practice has survived primarily because the "elementalistic" testing approach, focusing on traits and abilities, has often been dismissed as inadequate for addressing the complexities of the executive profile. Moreover, public displeasure with standard paper-and-pencil testing in the 1960s and 1970s made the holistic approach to assessment an attractive, alternative. The article contrasts individual assessment practice with the current state of knowledge on psychological assessment and personnel decision making. Like psychotherapy in the 1950s, individual psychological assessment appears to have achieved the status of functional autonomy within psychology.     

试论特殊儿童心理学研究的特点与方法

本文在参考国外有关资料及结合自己研究的基础上,提出了特殊儿童心理学研究的一些基本特点,介绍了适合特殊儿童心理学研究的一些方法。同时,对研究中常用的质的研究与单一被试实验研究的方法论问题进行了讨论。     

进化心理学视角中的腐败行为及心理机制

腐败作为全世界普遍关注的焦点问题,不同领域学者针对腐败行为产生原因与对策进行探讨。普遍认为制度、权力、文化等因素是腐败行为产生的重要原因,个别研究涉及到腐败主体的内在心理。进化心理学从进化和适应的视角对人类行为发生及心理内在特征具有终极解释度。因此,本文在前人研究的基础上,基于进化心理学的独特视角,从个体生命史历程(如童年创伤、贫穷经历等)去揭示腐败行为产生的心理机制。     

Effects of Mediated Learning Experience,Tutor Support and Peer Collaborative Learning on Academic Achievement and Intellectual Functioning among College Students

If the practice of psychology is to be relevant to environmental realities and context sensitive then conscious consideration must be given to the psychology training programme. Training programmes should give due recognition to the historical, political, social, economic and cultural contexts of human behaviours so as to understand how these interacting contexts may contribute to placing people at risk for ill-health. The main aim of this article is to present an analysis of African environmental realities to which training programmes in psychology must respond. In view of the under-utilization of psychological services within healthcare systems in many parts of Africa, this article also provides some suggestions for the development of appropriate training and practice modalities that may be geared towards effective healthcare service delivery in Africa.     

决定论的终结和心理学的走向

长期以来心理学深受实证主义哲学的影响,并和决定论思想有着密切的关系,总希望能用确定性的规律来描述和预测人的行为,其结果导致心理学的研究越来越远离真实的人的心理.在70年代兴起的非线性动力学用统计性和概率论的思想来反映世界的本质,这在方法论上对心理学的发展带来了重大的影响,使得心理学在经历了哲学思辨和实证研究之后将走向一个新的理论综合阶段.     

影响职业决策自我效能的因素及干预研究述评

职业决策自我效能指个体对自己完成择业相关任务所需能力的信心程度。自从Betz和Taylor提出职业决策自我效能,该概念已引发了职业心理学中众多的理论和实证研究。文章总结了影响职业决策自我效能的因素及其干预措施。影响职业决策自我效能因素可概括为个体因素、家庭因素、学校因素三方面,干预措施依据不同的理论,主要有归因训练、团体干预、职业决策训练、认知重构、计算机职业指导系统等     

当代西方道德人格研究的两类取向

道德人格研究是西方道德心理学的新主题,主要有两类取向：特质取向和社会认知取向。特质取向把道德人格理解为与道德有关的人格特质,对道德榜样的自然概念和真实道德榜样的人格特征进行了大量研究。社会认知取向以社会认知图式、知识结构和认知－情感机制来解释道德人格,揭示了个体内部动态的心理过程。未来的道德人格研究要强调两类取向的结合,加强发展过程和影响因素研究,并注重多水平与多学科的整合。     

Psychologie de la santé et éducation thérapeutique : état des lieux et perspectives

The aim of Patient Education (PE) is to make patients with chronic diseases more autonomous by facilitating their adherence to treatments and improving their quality of life. It is a multidisciplinary and expanding device. This article's aim is to propose a state of play of PE and its perspective in relation to psychology, especially health psychology, as a discipline and a practice. First, the development of PE in its historical context is presented as well as its definition. Then, the place and contribution of health psychology and psychologists in PE is presented. The following points deal with the contributions of research to understand the efficacy of PE, the difficulties that the different professionals face and the place of relatives. Finally, a reflexion about the links between the training of psychologists and the training for PE is proposed.     

Clinical supervisor training in Australia: A review of current problems and possible solutions

Clinical supervision cuts to the heart of professional psychology training. It is the most expensive single investment of staff time in the training of the psychology practitioner, and it appears to be the single most important contributor to training effectiveness, repaying that investment. Now there are changes afoot internationally which may change its pivotal role. For example, the Psychology Board of Australia has recently proposed that supervisors undergo approved supervisor training; in the USA, a competence‐based emphasis is gaining ground; while in the UK, supervisors within the Improving Access to Psychological Therapies initiative are receiving unprecedented training and support. It is therefore timely to clarify the need for such training and to consider promising options for its effective delivery. Following a summary of the changes within Australia, we next address these emergent problems and promising solutions by examining the available scientific evidence and by considering professional consensus statements.     

社会关系模型在心理研究中的应用

社会关系模型(SRM)将个体在双方关系中的行为和人际知觉的变异分解为个体和关系两个层次, 适用于研究行为和社会知觉的复杂性和多重性问题, 弥补传统心理学研究中缺乏生态效度的缺陷。SRM的研究设计包括循环设计和区组设计, 多种数据分析方法及相应软件可供研究者在处理成对互动关系数据时选择, SRM在心理学各分支领域有各自的应用特点、优点及问题。未来的研究应拓展SRM区组设计的应用、参数估计方法的进一步比较以及向多变量SRM分析转变。     

Invited Article: The Construct of Suspicion and How It Can Benefit Theories and Models in Organizational Science

This article introduces the construct of suspicion to researchers in business and applied psychology, provides a literature-based definition of state suspicion and an initial self-report measure of that construct, and encourages research on this important topic. The construct of suspicion is under-researched in business and applied psychology, yet has wide application for both researchers and practitioners. These applications occur across many content domains (e.g., consumer psychology, leadership), as well as at varying levels of analysis (e.g., individual, group, organizational). To motivate research on this construct, possible studies are delineated/suggested by way of example and a Call for Papers also appears. The organizational sciences will benefit from the incorporation of suspicion-based constructs in theoretical and explanatory models. Organizations might also function more efficiently because of these efforts —as decision makers assess, understand, and better manage appropriate levels of suspicion in their employees and work groups.     

Network Analysis in Community Psychology: Looking Back,Looking Forward

Network analysis holds promise for community psychology given the field's aim to understand the interplay between individuals and their social contexts. Indeed, because network analysis focuses explicitly on patterns of relationships between actors, its theories and methods are inherently extra‐individual in nature and particularly well suited to characterizing social contexts. But, to what extent has community psychology taken advantage of this network analysis as a tool for capturing context? To answer these questions, this study provides a review of the use network analysis in articles published in American Journal of Community Psychology . Looking back, we describe and summarize the ways that network analysis has been employed in community psychology research to understand the range of ways community psychologists have found the technique helpful. Looking forward and paying particular attention to analytic issues identified in past applications, we provide some recommendations drawn from the network analysis literature to facilitate future applications of network analysis in community psychology.     

运动员的心理训练：中国文化修为方式的贡献

传统中国哲学的目的在于理想人格塑造,人的心灵提升,其核心是身心调节与控制。中国文化的精妙之处在于,不仅拥有完整的思想体系,更有与之相应的践行方式,既有见地的开悟,又有修为的精进,在系统阐述人生境地的同时,拥有成熟的修为方法。近15年,国内外关于中国文化与心理学关系的研究呈现显著增长态势,但在竞技体育领域却鲜见运动员心理咨询和心理训练引入传统文化思想和技术的相关研究。多元文化视角下的理论与实证研究的国际心理学发展趋势,以及中国竞技体育制度特征,都诱发了对心理训练和心理咨询本土化发展的需要。本文立足于中国文化与心理训练的契合,总结提炼能够为运动队心理训练服务所借鉴的传统修为技术与方法。这些方法包括1）改变思想态度的撰写日记以内省、读书以养浩然之气;2）控制妄想杂念的静坐、数息、站桩;3）调节情绪心境的正念训练、琴棋书画等。将中国文化的思想与方法引入运动员心理训练尚面临困境,包括1）中国文化独特的神秘特性导致其缺乏可操作性,诸多概念难以精确测量,修为效果尚待实证检验;2）研究人员严重不足,潜心钻研的学者匮乏;3）研究深度缺乏,挖掘整理系统性不足;4）对传统文化存在错误认知,难以保证心理训练技术顺利进入运动队。     

严谨性的结构及其应用研究述评

严谨性(Conscientiousness)是指个体在按照社会规范的要求控制冲动的倾向、以任务和目标为导向、先思后行、延迟满足以及遵守规范和纪律等方面上的个体差异。由于其在应用心理学领域(如, 组织管理心理学)的重要作用而被广泛而深入的研究, 主要内容涉及严谨性对工作绩效和其他工作相关行为的的预测、对健康行为和寿命的预测、对学业表现的预测等方面。文章全面回顾了近年来严谨性的结构及其在管理、教育和健康领域的相关研究, 并指出将来的研究应进一步深入探索严谨性的次级结构、测量工具的编制、严谨性与绩效间关系的假设、严谨性与寿命和健康行为之间的关系等问题。     

Drivers’ illusions––no more risk

In this invited address to the International Congress of Applied Psychology, it is argued that traffic psychology has not had a major impact on accident prevention. The factors that have determined this are discussed. A review of the theories and models pertinent to drivers’ risk taking and road user behaviour in general is presented. It is argued that both risk-homeostasis theories and task capability model are not sufficiently precise to be used as a basis for preventive measures. Attitude–behaviour models derived from social psychology have proved to be powerful in identifying motivational factors influencing road user behaviour, but the majority of empirical evidence is based on self-reported rather than observed behaviour. It is argued that individual differences can provide a basis for accident prevention, in particular driver training.     

人格发展中遗传与教养关系研究的进展与思考

遗传与教养争论,一直是发展心理学领域的热点问题之一。本文首先从理论视角上对它进行了探讨,既而陈述了近二十年来发展心理学和行为基因学在人格发展的遗传教养互动方面的研究方法和结果,并讨论了未来可能的研究应用,以及应考虑的问题。     

The Scientist-Practitioner Model: Now More Than Ever

The scientist-practitioner model has been fundamental to the field of professional psychology for over 50 years. Although other training models have been offered in an attempt to improve training or meet other needs, we view many of the changes suggested by these models as consistent with the original intent of scientist-practitioner training. We argue that the reciprocal effects of science and practice within this model, if appropriately integrated, remain an excellent fit for integrating science and practice and enhancing the quality of both the practice and science of psychology. We address some of the problems with how the model has been implemented and offer recommendations for ways to enhance science and practice integration. Finally, we describe some of the mechanisms we have used to put these principles into practice in our counseling psychology training program.     

A training program for family psychology: Evaluation,prevention and therapy

Abstract

Family psychology differs from family therapy on a variety of dimensions. Philosophically, family psychology emphasizes the relationship of the individual to the family rather than considering the family as a system, deemphasizing the individual, as in systems family therapy. In addition, family psychology is interested in the whole spectrum of functionality-dysfunctionality, while family therapy is interested mainly in dysfunctional families. Substantively, in terms of differences in training, family psychology stresses the importance of theory testing, evaluation of process and outcome of interventions, and prevention with functional or at-risk families. An academic curriculum in family psychology, which has been operational at Georgia State University for the last 10 years, is presented. Clinical training follows a gradual approach, starting with relatively simple Structured Enrichment, progressing to more complex training in Covenant Contracting and Systematic Homework Assignments, and finally family therapy.     

跨文化心理学的困境与出路

跨文化心理学经历了四十多年的发展,积累大量丰富经验的同时,也暴露了它自身的不足。比如研究前提与研究目标相矛盾的问题;研究者的立场问题;研究方法及结果的效度问题等等。然而,21世纪为跨文化心理学的完善和发展心理学提供了广阔的空间,跨文化心理学又在对心理现象和行为进行多层次多角度的考察分析中成长。