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1.
Two studies examined the influence of dysphoria on motivational intensity in a student sample. Participants worked on a memory
task (Study 1) or a mental concentration task (Study 2) without fixed performance standard (“do your best”). Based on their
scores on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies – Depression Scale (L. S. Radloff, 1977), dysphoric and nondysphoric students
were compared with regard to their effort-related cardiovascular reactivity during task performance. As predicted on the basis
of the mood-behavior-model (G. H. E. Gendolla, 2000) and motivational intensity theory (J. W. Brehm & E. A. Self, 1989), dysphoric
participants showed stronger cardiovascular reactivity while working on the cognitive tasks than nondysphoric participants.
In Study 1, nondysphoric participants performed better on the memory task than dysphoric participants. Theoretical implications
are discussed.
相似文献
Kerstin BrinkmannEmail: |
2.
Approach/avoidance motivation, message framing, and health behavior: understanding the congruency effect 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Health messages framed to be congruent with individuals’ approach/avoidance motivations have been found to be more effective
in promoting health behaviors than health messages incongruent with approach/avoidance motivations. This study examines the
processes underlying this congruency effect. Participants (undergraduate students, N=67) completed a measure of approach/avoidance orientation (the BIS/BAS scales) and read either a gain- or loss-framed message
promoting dental flossing. Results demonstrated a congruency effect: Participants who read a congruently framed message had
greater flossing efficacy, intended to floss more, and used more dental flosses than did the participants who read an incongruent
message. Moreover, intention to perform the behavior predicted the congruency effect and self-efficacy mediated participants’
intentions to perform the health behavior. Discussion centers on the role of personality factors and situational factors in
models of behavior change.
相似文献
David K. ShermanEmail: |
3.
Autonomy and Nondefensiveness 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Three experimental studies tested whether a priming procedure intended to activate an autonomy orientation would lead to nondefensiveness
and enhanced performance, whether activated control orientation would lead to higher defense and impaired performance, and
whether activated impersonal orientation would lead to the greatest defense and worst performance. Study 1 showed that autonomy-primed
participants report lower desire for escape compared to control-primed, and that impersonally-primed showed most desire to
escape. In Study 2, autonomy-primed participants showed the least self-serving bias, control-primed were in the middle, and
impersonally-primed participants showed the most. In Study 3, rowers autonomy-primed showed the least self-handicapping and
best performance, control-primed showed moderate levels, and impersonally-primed showed the most self-handicapping and worst
performance. Results are discussed in terms of motivation orientation, defensiveness, and performance.
相似文献
Holley S. HodginsEmail: |
4.
This research investigated the influence of reminders of mortality on biased attention for fear-relevant animals across 2
studies. In each study, participants completed a baseline dot-probe test of attention to fear-relevant animals (snakes and
spiders). After random assignment, participants completed a mortality salience or control writing task (about watching television
in Study 1 and about writing an important exam in Study 2). Finally, participants completed the dot-probe measure a second
time. In both studies, those in the mortality salience condition showed a significant reduction in bias for fear-relevant
animals from baseline to post-manipulation, whereas no change was found for those in the control conditions. These data suggest
that the previously demonstrated lack of emotional response to mortality salience may, in part, result from the avoidance
of fear-relevant stimuli.
相似文献
Geoff MacDonaldEmail: |
5.
Seth A. Brown 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2008,30(4):307-314
There is variability on how auditory hallucinations (AH) impact individuals, ranging from distress to comfort. A systematic
study of how simulations of AH impact a non-clinical sample can address not only how AH simulations influence the general
public, but also inform how actual AH influence individuals. Utilizing 504 undergraduates, different simulations of AH were
presented to examine their impact on emotions and identify moderating variables. The simulations increased negative affect
and decreased positive affect. Sex of the participant and differing levels of duration, volume, and context of the simulation
did not influence the magnitude of the emotional responses. However, simulations with derogatory content led to greater increased
negative affect and decreased positive affect than simulations with benevolent/neutral content. These results suggest that
the content of simulations have a substantial effect, which is pertinent to administering simulations for training purposes
and implementing psychosocial rehabilitation programs for those who hallucinate.
相似文献
Seth A. BrownEmail: |
6.
Michael E. Bratman 《Philosophical Studies》2009,144(1):149-165
Cases of modest sociality are cases of small scale shared intentional agency in the absence of asymmetric authority relations.
I seek a conceptual framework that adequately supports our theorizing about such modest sociality. I want to understand what
in the world constitutes such modest sociality. I seek an understanding of the kinds of normativity that are central to modest
sociality. And throughout we need to keep track of the relations—conceptual, metaphysical, normative—between individual agency
and modest sociality. In pursuit of these theoretical aims, I propose that a central phenomenon is shared intention. I argue
that an adequate understanding of the distinctiveness of the intentions of individuals allows us to provide a construction
of attitudes of the participants, and of relevant inter-relations and contexts that constitutes shared intention. I explain
how shared intention, so understood, differs from a simple equilibrium within common knowledge. And I briefly contrast my
views with aspects of views of John Searle and Margaret Gilbert.
相似文献
Michael E. BratmanEmail: |
7.
Josiah Ober 《Philosophical Studies》2007,132(1):59-73
Democracy is shown to be a non-instrumental good-in-itself (as well as an instrument in securing other goods) by extrapolation
from the Aristotelian premise that humans are political animals. Because humans are by nature language-using, as well as sociable
and common-end-seeking beings, the capacity to associate in public decisions is constitutive of the human being-kind. Association
in decision is necessary (although insufficient) for happiness in the sense of eudaimonia. A benevolent dictator who satisfied all other conditions of justice, harms her subjects by denying them opportunity to associate
in the decisions by which their community is governed.
相似文献
Josiah OberEmail: |
8.
In this introduction we discuss the motivation behind the workshop “Towards a New Epistemology of Mathematics” of which this
special issue constitutes the proceedings. We elaborate on historical and empirical aspects of the desired new epistemology,
connect it to the public image of mathematics, and give a summary and an introduction to the contributions to this issue.
相似文献
Bernd BuldtEmail: |
Benedikt L?we (Corresponding author)Email: |
Thomas MüllerEmail: |
9.
Research has focused heavily on whether individuals can fake on personality inventories. Research is less clear on whether
individuals actually do fake on personality inventories. Verbal protocol analysis was used to trace the motivational processes
for 12 participants as they completed a personality inventory in an applicant context. Exploratory analyses suggested that
individuals do fake on personality inventories; that individuals can be classed into one of three faking classes (honest responders,
slight fakers, and extreme fakers); and that honest fakers take less time to complete and make less corrections to their personality
inventories than faking responders. Study implications, limitations, and future research will be discussed.
相似文献
Chet RobieEmail: |
10.
Michelle Montague 《Philosophical Studies》2009,145(2):171-192
My concern in this paper is with the intentionality of emotions. Desires and cognitions are the traditional paradigm cases
of intentional attitudes, and one very direct approach to the question of the intentionality of emotions is to treat it as
sui generis—as on a par with the intentionality of desires and cognitions but in no way reducible to it. A more common approach seeks
to reduce the intentionality of emotions to the intentionality of familiar intentional attitudes like desires and cognitions. In this
paper, I argue for the sui generis approach.
相似文献
Michelle MontagueEmail: |
11.
Catherine N. M. Ortner Sachne J. Kilner Philip David Zelazo 《Motivation and emotion》2007,31(4):271-283
The effect of mindfulness meditation (MM) on attentional control in emotional contexts was examined. In Study 1, MM practitioners
(N = 28) categorized tones presented 1 or 4 s following the onset of affective pictures. Reaction times (RTs) to tones for affective
minus neutral pictures provided an index of emotional interference. Participants with more MM experience showed less interference
from affective pictures and reported higher mindfulness and psychological well-being. Study 2 was a controlled, randomized
experimental study in which participants (N = 82) received MM training, relaxation meditation (RM) training, or no intervention (waiting-list control; WLC). Behavioral,
self-report, and psychophysiological measures were administered before and after a 7-week intervention period. Although both
MM and RM resulted in smaller skin conductance responses to unpleasant pictures and increased well-being, reductions in emotional
interference from unpleasant pictures were specific to MM. These findings indicate that MM attenuates prolonged reactivity
to emotional stimuli.
相似文献
Philip David ZelazoEmail: |
12.
Rolf Loeber Dustin A. Pardini Alison Hipwell Magda Stouthamer-Loeber Kate Keenan Mark A. Sembower 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2009,37(6):777-791
Relatively little is known about the factor structure of disruptive behavior among preadolescent girls. The present study
reports on exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of disruptive girl behavior over four successive data waves as rated
by parents and teachers in a large, representative community sample of girls (N = 2,451). Five factors were identified from parent ratings (oppositional behavior/conduct problems, inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity,
relational aggression, and callous-unemotional behaviors), and four factors were identified derived from teacher ratings (oppositional
behavior/conduct problems/callous-unemotional behaviors, inattention, hyperactivityimpulsivity, and relational aggression).
There was a high degree of consistency of items loading on equivalent factors across parent and teacher ratings. Year-to-year
stability of factors between ages five and 12 was high for parent ratings (ICC = 0.70 to 0.88), and slightly lower for teacher
ratings (ICC = 0.56 to 0.83). These findings are discussed in terms of possible adjustment to the criteria for children's
disruptive behavior disorders found in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders.
相似文献
Rolf Loeber (Corresponding author)Email: |
Dustin A. PardiniEmail: |
Alison HipwellEmail: |
Magda Stouthamer-LoeberEmail: |
Kate KeenanEmail: |
Mark A. SembowerEmail: |
13.
Michael S. Brady 《Philosophical Studies》2009,145(3):413-430
A recalcitrant emotion is one which conflicts with evaluative judgement. (A standard example is where someone is afraid of
flying despite believing that it poses little or no danger.) The phenomenon of emotional recalcitrance raises an important
problem for theories of emotion, namely to explain the sense in which recalcitrant emotions involve rational conflict. In
this paper I argue that existing ‘neojudgementalist’ accounts of emotions fail to provide plausible explanations of the irrationality
of recalcitrant emotions, and develop and defend my own neojudgementalist account. On my view, recalcitrant emotions are irrational
insofar as they incline the subject to accept an evaluative construal that the subject has already rejected.
相似文献
Michael S. BradyEmail: |
14.
Greg Hajcak Martin E. Franklin Robert F. Simons Nancy J. Keuthen 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2006,28(3):177-185
The current study examined the frequency and associated distress of both hairpulling and skin picking behaviors in 1,324 college students using the Massachusetts General Hospital Hairpulling Scale (MGHHS) and Skin Picking Scale (SPS). In this sample, many participants reported significant distress secondary to both hairpulling and skin picking. Participants who endorsed relatively frequent hairpulling or skin picking (N = 72) were scheduled for a follow-up testing session to further assess the relationship between these behaviors and measures of affective distress. Compared to a control sample, the follow-up sample endorsed significantly more symptoms of anxiety and stress reactivity, and had higher scores on a measure of obsessive-compulsive symptoms.
相似文献
Greg HajcakEmail: |
15.
Uriah Kriegel 《Philosophical Studies》2008,141(1):79-95
The ontology of (merely) intentional objects is a can of worms. If we can avoid ontological commitment to such entities, we
should. In this paper, I offer a strategy for accomplishing that. This is to reject the traditional act-object account of
intentionality in favor of an adverbial account. According to adverbialism about intentionality, having a dragon thought is
not a matter of bearing the thinking-about relation to dragons, but of engaging in the activity of thinking dragon-wise.
相似文献
Uriah KriegelEmail: |
16.
Over the past three decades, research on the social dimensions of emotions has grown exponentially, particularly in the area
of “emotion management.” In this project, we will attempt to add to this body of research by studying the social aspects of
labeling or “instantiating” feelings. The data for the project come from televised red-carpet interviews conducted with celebrities
immediately prior to awards ceremonies. By focusing on the generic aspects of the emotional claims-making put forth by interviewers
and interviewees, we demonstrate how the labeling of emotions is an interpretive, interactive task.
相似文献
Kerry O. FerrisEmail: |
17.
Motivation is seen to guide selective attention in favor of motivation-consistent stimuli. However, such links may be bi-directional
in nature, such that selective attention processes may also bias and determine one’s motivational state. In the present study,
we examined the latter direction of influence by randomly assigning participants to one of two conditions designed to train
selective attention either toward or away from rewarding word stimuli. The effects of this manipulation were examined in terms
of approach-related intentions, emotional state, and reward-reactive behavior. It was found that the selective attention manipulation
influenced preferences and behavior, but not conscious emotional state. Findings are discussed in relation to implications
for motivation, cognition, and emotion.
相似文献
Michael D. RobinsonEmail: |
18.
Dr. med. Dipl.-Soz. Alf Gerlach 《Forum der Psychoanalyse》2004,20(1):7-12
19.
Piero De Giacomo Luciano L’Abate Francesco Margari Andrea De Giacomo Wanda Santamato Rita Masellis 《Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy》2008,38(2):65-72
After a brief exposition of Elementary Pragmatic Model about changes in dyadic interactions, the validity and clinical usefulness
of the model was evaluated with a newly created test, called SISCI-Sentences. This test is composed of 90 Sentences with strong
psychological impact. Administration of this test to non-clinical and clinical participants produced statistically significant
differences between the choices of participants in the two groups. Implications of these results for the use of these Sentences
in the course of psychotherapy are discussed.
相似文献
Luciano L’AbateEmail: |
20.
Michael Drieschner 《Journal for General Philosophy of Science》2008,39(1):1-16