实践哲学的传统与创新专题：元实践学与异质性理论——对一套实践哲学研究方案的说明

当今众多以“实践哲学”为名号的研究其实只是家族相似。该文是对笔者的实践哲学方案的说明,目的在于跟其他方案区别开来。该方案的学科名称为“元实践学”,是对实践问题的形上学探讨,学说名称为“异质性理论”,是奠基于“异质性”概念的元实践学。     

牟宗三"实践的智慧学"探求诠论

对哲学作为“实践的智慧学”的探求是牟宗三后期哲学思考的核心。这一探索,开启了牟宗三中国哲学与康德哲学双向诠释的基本视域,也拓出了道德形而上学体系建构的理论地平。“实践的智慧学”诠释具有独特的理论内涵,也隐含了牟氏道德形上学自我批判与超越的思想线索。     

《拯救实践》一书出版

徐长福教授撰著的《拯救实践》(第一卷意识与异质性)于2012年4月在重庆出版集团、重庆出版社出版。该著阐述了一套原创性学说——异质性哲学,其核心内容如下:人的意识有两个领域:自然直观和符号指谓。符号指谓把自然直观所提供的对象分解为主词所意指的东西和谓词所述谓的东西,主词表示有一个对象存在,谓词表示一个起说明作     

“文化实践”:在实践哲学的谱系内——早期文化研究思潮的“文化实践”理论

无论是当代西方马克思主义还是中国特色社会主义,几乎不约而同地都把目光聚于文化,强调文化在批判发达资本主义,建设中国特色社会主义的重要意义。这意味着提出了一种新的实践形态和实践领域——文化实践。本文论述了早期文化研究思潮的“文化实践”理论并把它安置在实践哲学的谱系中,认为亚里士多德“伦理-政治”实践哲学已经蕴含了实践与文化关系的某些线索,但是这一线索并未彰显出来,其实践哲学主要存在于政治领域。马克思“劳动-社会”的实践哲学把实践置于社会领域,社会包含了文化,然而出于现实的需要,马克思主要强调了社会的制度和组织方面。为了理解无产阶级在发达资本主义社会的革命动力问题,早期文化研究思潮挖掘和彰显了马克思社会实践的文化内涵,系统论述了文化实践理论,构建了文化实践的新模式。这是在当代全球化时代,适应时代发展的实践形式;它有力地批判了单一的经济决定论,为实践哲学开辟了可能性;它使马克思的“劳动-社会”实践哲学潜在的文化意义彰显出来,使马克思的社会实践理论更加完整;它关注大众文化实践,加强了马克思实践哲学的反精英主义。     

实践唯物主义辨析

实践的唯物主义是辩证的历史的唯物主义的一体化哲学;传统教科书的物质本体论与当代哲学的性质相悖,与马克思创立实践唯物主义哲学的思维方式相去甚远;实践之“元”不具有“万物本原”的涵义,它只表现为哲学的逻辑起点,表现为马克思哲学思维辐射的轴心。     

实践唯物主义与人道主义

1 实践范畴不仅具有认识论的意义,而且具有本体论的意义,这一点已为越来越多的人认识到。有人认为,与旧唯物主义主张的“自然本体论”不同,马克思主义哲学的本体论实质上是一种“实践本体论”或“实践一元论”。笔者认为这种提法是能够成立的。问题是对“实践本体论”或“实践一元论”的提法作何种理解。近来,一种有代表性的意见认为,实践之“元”不具有“万物本源”的涵义,它只表现为哲学的逻辑起点,表现为马克思哲学思维辐射的轴心。笔者认为这种意见明显地     

马克思思想的当代意义（笔谈）——马克思与实践哲学

如果说在70年前葛兰西把马克思哲学称为“实践哲学”,多少是为了逃避狱中法西斯主义严酷的书报检查,那么在今天,“马克思哲学是实践哲学”已经成了人们竞相称引的命题,实践哲学的口号已经失去了轰动效应。但是,一些论者无论对实践哲学的理解还是对马克思哲学之为实践哲学的根据的理解中都存在着严重的问题。这些问题不解决,马克思实践哲学研究就不可能得以深入。     

亚里士多德的实践哲学及其现代效应

一通常所说的“实践哲学”有两种含义, 即“具有实践性质的哲学”和“关于实践的哲学”, 前者包括伦理学、道德学、政治学、法学以及各种行为学科, 后者是把实践本身作为一个哲学问题来研究。一般来说, 在这两种实践哲学中, “关于实践的哲学”是“具有实践性质的哲学”即各种规范人类行为和关于人类行为的学科之基本原理和形上根据, 而“具有实践性质的哲学”则是“关于实践的哲学”的体现者。我们所说的实践哲学主要侧重于后者。实践哲学在整个西方哲学传统中源远流长, 它的历史可以上溯到西方哲学的开端———古希腊哲学。实践概念虽然在…     

论实践哲学的理论方式及其合理性

寻求马克思主义实践哲学合理的理论方式必须立足于实践哲学的基本立场 :实践是一个具有存在论意义的范畴 ;理论思维只是实践的一种方式 ,并不能获得一个外在于实践的“阿基米德点”。因而 ,实践哲学的理论活动便只能是对生活世界内某些成为“问题”的有限方面进行批判。实践哲学的理论方式蕴涵着一种新的真理观 ,即批判的真理。这种真理源于生活世界存在的事实性 ,并作为理论哲学真理符合论的超越     

哲学的实现:马克思、卢卡奇和法兰克福学派

贯穿于马克思早期著作中黑格尔主义的马克思主义、卢卡奇、科尔施、布洛赫以及法兰克福学派的思想特色构成一种趋向——实践哲学。哲学的"实现"依赖于实践哲学,元批判是实践哲学的基础。马克思早期著作把元批判观点限定在政治经济学领域,卢卡奇的物化概念是资本主义危机理论的最初基础,理性的元批判是法兰克福学派和早期实践哲学之间最重要的联系。在当代,技术的批判理论拒绝把马克思主义理论局限于政治经济学领域,从对理性的一般性批判,转化为对技术和技术学科的实现形式的批判,更新了实践哲学。     

Effects Of Histories Of Differential Reinforcement Of Response Rate On Variable-interval Responding

Three pigeons were exposed first to multiple differential-reinforcement-of-high-rate and differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate schedules that were correlated with green and red keys, respectively, and then were shifted to a variable-interval schedule arranged on a white key. In subsequent test sessions, the variable-interval schedule continued to operate, but green and red keys replaced the white key in alternate sessions. In Part 1 of the experiment, the variable-interval schedule correlated with the white key was introduced immediately after the multiple-schedule condition, and the test condition began 15 days later. This sequence was repeated twice, with a reversal of the correlation of the key colors with the components of the multiple schedule at the start of each new cycle. Part 2 added a 6-month break between the multiple-schedule history and the white-key variable-interval schedule followed by test sessions. The procedure was then repeated with a reversal of the correlation between key colors and multiple-schedule components. In the test sessions of Part 1, all pigeons consistently responded faster in the presence of the key color most recently correlated with the differential-reinforcement-of-high-rate contingency than during the color most recently correlated with the differential-reinforcement-of-low-rate contingency. Similar but smaller effects were observed in Part 2. The effects of the reversals in these two parts of the experiment showed that only the most recent contingency exerted an influence on subsequent responding. The data suggest that this effect of the most recent history continues to operate on behavior under current contingencies even after a long lapse of time.     

儿童病因认知发展的研究

对儿童病因认知发展的研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。近20年来,西方发展心理学家在该领域的研究逐渐从皮亚杰理论框架下的研究转变为“朴素理论”框架下的研究。在理论上,研究越来越强调领域特殊性;在研究思路上,研究逐渐从“自上而下”的研究转变为“自下而上”的研究;在研究方法上,研究不断降低任务难度,提高了任务的区分度和敏感性。该领域进一步的研究将更为深入和细致的探查儿童的病因认知。     

内隐序列学习的研究进展

内隐序列学习是内隐学习的一种重要形式。该文回顾和总结了内隐序列学习研究的诸多方面,包括内隐序列学习的一般影响因素、内隐序列学习与意识的关系、内隐序列学习的心理机制、序列知识的心理表征、序列学习的神经基础,以及内隐序列学习与年龄的关系等,并对最近可能进行的研究进行了展望。     

The Hypothesis Of Ether And Reid's Interpretation Of Newton's First Rule Of Philosophizing

My object is to question a recurrent claim made to the point that Thomas Reid (1710–1796) was hostile to ether theories and that this hostility had its source in his distinctive interpretation of the first of Newton's regulæ philosophandi. Against this view I will argue that Reid did not have any quarrel at all with unobservable or theoretical entities as such, and that his objections against actual theories concerning ether were scientific rather than philosophical, even when based on Newton's first rule. I argue further that Reid's insistence on Newton's rule concerns, not direct observation, but rather the notion of explanation itself.     

Comparison Of Narratives Of Loss Experiences Of World War Ii and Vietnam Combat Veterans

Abstract

While their continuing grief now is receiving periodic media attention, for years and even decades, American soldiers who fought in World War II (WWII) and who fought in Vietnam have suffered their life-altering experiences of loss in silence. Many of the WWII generation now have died and cannot share their grief with us. We as scholars of loss and trauma have a special obligation to reach out to the living survivors of WWII for information about their experiences. As has been often noted (e.g., Kuenning, 1990), for years after the conclusion of the Vietnam War, the stories of loss and grief of Vietnam veterans were not welcomed. The purpose of this chapter is to report some comparative narrative evidence from veterans of these two wars. Our major question was whether strong differences between groups in perceived long-term impact of combat experience would be reported.     

Some Characteristics Of The G Index Of Agreement

Several uses of the G index of agreement are discussed for both Q- and R-techniques. It is shown that the index is meaningful and is not sensitive either to changes in having direction (for profile analysis) or to marginal inequalities for dichotomous data.     

Loss Of Trust: Correlates Of The Comorbidity Of Ptsd and Severe Mental Illness

Abstract

The prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the general population of the United States is a topic of speculation, with estimates ranging from 0.4% to 9% (Breslau, Davis, Andreski, & Peterson, 1991; Helzer, Robins, & McEvoy, 1987; Kessler, Sonnega, Bromet, Hughes, & Nelson, 1995). Likewise, estimates of the prevalence of PTSD within the population of persons with serious mental illness have varied widely, depending on how PTSD has been measured. While record verification of PTSD within mental health outpatient samples has routinely been very low (0%-3%), research assessments of PTSD have resulted in estimated rates of co-occurrence of 29% to 43% (Cascardi, Mueser, DeGirolomo, & Murrin, 1996; Craine, Henson, Colliver, & MacLean, 1998; Mueser et al., 1998). A lack of documentation of PTSD in clinical records and inattention to PTSD in clinical diagnoses are thought to greatly underestimate the extent of PTSD within mental health treatment populations. The general consensus among researchers has been that the occurrence of PTSD is much higher within the population of persons with diagnoses of mental illness than in the general population, particularly among those who have major depression (Friedman & Rosenheck, 1996).