治疗用抗体研究中的几个关键问题

抗体用于疾病的治疗已经有百余年历史了 ,从最初的多克隆抗血清到杂交瘤技术制备的单克隆抗体 ,都曾对生物医学的进步做出了突出的贡献 ,并因此而获得诺贝尔生理学和医学奖。目前治疗用抗体的研究已经发展到基因工程抗体阶段 ,一些关键性问题的逐步解决将使该领域的前景越来越广阔。1　技术平台治疗用抗体的研制依赖于不同的技术平台。杂交瘤技术使单克隆抗体的制备研究发生了飞跃性的进步 ,一大批针对不同抗原的单抗先后问世。但是 ,来源于鼠、兔等动物的单抗用于人体治疗存在众所周知的异源性问题 ,而人杂交瘤的制备由于种种原因未取得根…     

噬菌体抗体库技术与功能模拟方法

功能模拟方法是控制论的最基本出发点，它是以原型和模型之间的功能相似为基础，用模型来再现原型功能和行为的一种研究方法。随着现代医学的不断发展，需要间接研究的对象越来越多，功能模拟方法在医学科学研究中日益显示出它的重要作用。本文通过对噬菌体抗体库技术各个技术环节的分析，来探讨功能模拟方法在噬菌体抗体库技术中的应用和意义。     

自身抗体与疾病预测

研究显示,在一些自身免疫性疾病出现临床症状之前,患者血液内就会出现某些自身抗体,检测这些自身抗体可以预测机体日后的患病几率,在疾病的预防和控制等方面具有重要意义。本文将对部分疾病中预示性自身抗体的研究进展及用自身抗体预测疾病的价值和面临的挑战等问题作一综述。     

自身抗体与疾病预测

研究显示,在一些自身免疫性疾病出现临床症状之前,患者血液内就会出现某些自身抗体,检测这些自身抗体可以预测机体日后的患病几率,在疾病的预防和控制等方面具有重要意义.本文将对部分疾病中预示性自身抗体的研究进展及用自身抗体预测疾病的价值和面临的挑战等问题作一综述.     

抗体的产生及改进的启示

应用噬菌体呈现技术建立抗黑色素瘤全套抗体文库，发现黑色素瘤特异性较高的单链抗体Ｖ８６克隆实际是一个重链抗体。进一步证实，重链抗体文库比单链抗体文库较易得到肿瘤特异性抗体。研究过程中体现了意外发现的意义和认识是螺旋式上升的辩证思想。     

噬菌体抗体库技术

噬菌体抗体库技术以其简便和高效,大大地促进了抗体产业的发展.抗体库技术的出现离不开与社会需求的相互促进;抗体库的构建和筛选离不开对传统方法的改进和创新;抗体库技术的应用突破了传统杂交瘤技术的束缚.科研实践中处处体现着辩证法,了解一些辩证法知识,能够指导我们的科研实践,使其事半功倍.     

免疫分析中抗体干扰相关问题的探讨

免疫分析是一项应用广泛的技术,抗体是免疫分析的关键问题。循环中内源性抗体对免疫分析的干扰与该技术本身一样古老,由于抗体干扰造成的可疑或错误的结果一直与其并存。但对于其机制、类型扣对策并未廓清。有鉴于此,有必要对抗体干扰免疫分析的诸多问题进行更深入的基础与临床研究,以提高临床诊断水平。     

自身抗体检测新技术及其临床应用

自身抗体的检测在自身免疫性疾病（A ID ）的诊断,判断疾病的严重程度及评价疗效方面拥有十分重要的临床意义。随着免疫检测技术的进步,新的自身抗体特异性靶抗原被发现,自身抗体的检测技术也越来越多,出现如何评估自身抗体检测方法及诊断价值的新问题。本文介绍自身抗体检测的新技术及自身抗体检测技术的发展趋势,评估自身抗体检测方法应用现状,分析了临床自身抗体检测技术的优缺点,让临床实验室更加合理有效选择自身抗体检测技术。     

免疫分析中抗体干扰相关问题的探讨

免疫分析是一项应用广泛的技术,抗体是免疫分析的关键问题.循环中内源性抗体对免疫分析的干扰与该技术本身一样古老,由于抗体干扰造成的可疑或错误的结果一直与其并存.但对于其机制、类型和对策并未廓清.有鉴于此,有必要对抗体干扰免疫分析的诸多问题进行更深入的基础与临床研究,以提高临床诊断水平.     

ANCA相关性血管炎诊治的临床决策

抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体(ANCA)相关性血管炎是系统性自身免疫性疾病,肾脏是最易受累的器官。因其临床表现多样且易于复发,临床上常见误漏诊和治疗不当。肾科医师在临床决策中应重视早期识别与诊断,并进行规范、适度的个体化治疗,同时避免过度治疗导致的严重并发症,以期改善患者的远期生存率与生活质量。     

Individual,Marital, and Family Therapy

Two therapists have recently suggested that marital therapy is either a shadow of individual therapy (Robert Harper) or eclipsed by family therapy (Jay Haley). We offer an apologia for marital therapy. We suggest that empirical evidence shows that it works. Further, clients often request it and resist a redefinition of marital concerns as individual or family problems. Finally, people value a focus on the marriage because (a) it blends individual rights and communal responsibilities and (b) it is the only voluntary relationship between dyads with the family. We conclude that marital therapy, when requested and appropriate, is legitimate and effective.     

Family therapy and the politics of evidence

This article situates family therapy in the politics of evidence-based practice. While there is a wealth of outcome research showing that family therapy works, it remains on the margin of mainstream therapy and mental health practice. Until recently it has been difficult to satisfy 'gold standards' of randomized control research which require manualization and controlled replication by independent investigators. This is because systemic family therapy is language-based, client-directed and focused on relational process rather than step-by-step operational techniques.
As a consequence family therapy is an empirically supported treatment unable to join the evidence-based club. The politics here concerns what is 'evidence', who defines it and the limitations of a scientist-practitioner model. Therapy is art and science and its research needs to be grounded in real-life clinical practice. Common factors such as personal hope and resourcefulness and the therapeutic relationship contribute more to change than technique or model.
While arguing for a wider definition of science and evidence it is politic to seek evidence-based status for family therapy. Family therapy is a best practice approach for all therapists where systemic wisdom helps to decide what to do with whom when . A systemic-practitioner model is informed by quantitative and qualitative research and holds modern and postmodern perspectives in tension, a stance I call paramodern . Family therapy is both scientific and systemic; it is a science of context, narrative and relationship.     

Long-term family therapy: A developmental approach

The emphasis in family therapy literature on brief therapy has given a false sense of what family therapy can accomplish. While it has helped to develop different theories of change and refine techniques to deal with resistance, it has caused many clinicians to mistake technique for treatment. A long term developmental approach is advocated in which the family therapist is the general practitioner rather than the specialist. This paper is the result of a 30-year caseload in which there was a group of multi-therapy families.     

Response to Comment by Carere-Comes

Carere-Comas is concerned that I have elevated the client as a hero. I point out that what I really am arguing for is a paradigm shift from therapy as treatment to therapy as mutual, intelligent collaboration. I also discuss what it means to say that the client knows what he or she wants and needs. Finally I discuss the idea that it is the client who makes therapy happen.     

Re-Membering Spirituality

Ritual has been used as a therapeutic tool within family therapy for nearly two decades. Our understanding of ritual has been drawn from studies of cultures in which all life was viewed as sacred. However, common use of ritual in therapy lifts ritual out of its sacred context and secularizes it. Blending some of the key thinking in feminist theology with feminist psychology can help women reconnect with a perspective on the sacred that is empowering. Reimbuing ritual with the sacred and expanding its use in therapy make it a powerful healing process for women.     

International Family Therapy: A View from Kyoto, Japan

"International family therapy" is an emergent field within (or overarching) the field of family therapy. At this stage, it can be described as the collecting and sharing of experiences by family therapists from different countries. Recent publications (7) gather information principally from Western cultures in which systemic family therapy has grown over the past thirty years. Japan is of particular interest to Western practitioners because it is a highly successful, post-industrial culture that differs markedly from the West. Familiar family therapy interventions often work for unfamiliar reasons, and different goals are often needed in order to respond to apparently similar family problems. An expanded sense of choice around strategies for family life and family therapy that such diversity implies is the primary contribution that this maturing, international family therapy movement can make to family therapy.     

Adding Silence to Stories: Narrative Therapy and Contemplation

A review of the literature reveals that one particular form of contemplation—mindfulness—has been integrated into cognitive-behavioral therapy. Built upon this background, this article raises the issue of combining contemplation and narrative therapy. It first examines the unique experiences that occur when one enters into silence. Then, it explores the implications of these experiences for narrative therapy. A contemplative-based approach to narrative therapy differs from traditional narrative therapy in that it utilizes: (a) contemplative skills, (b) contemplative and narrative metaphors, (c) modified interventions, and (d) broader views of reality and self. The outcome is an enlarged narrative approaches that possess numerous benefits and possibilities for future treatment models. P. Gregg Blanton is a Professor of Human Services at Montreat College. He is a Clinical Member and Approved Supervisor of AAMFT.     

Common factors of change in couple therapy

Though it is clear from meta-analytic research that couple therapy works well, it is less clear how couple therapy works. Efforts to attribute change to the unique ingredients of a particular model have consistently turned up short, leading many researchers to suggest that change is due to common factors that run through different treatment approaches and settings. The purpose of this article is to provide an empirically based case for several common factors in couple therapy, and discuss clinical, training, and research implications for a common factors couple therapy paradigm. Critical distinctions between model-driven and common factors paradigms are also discussed, and a moderate common factors approach is proposed as a more useful alternative to an extreme common factors approach.     

In defense of strategic therapy

The practice of strategic therapy has raised a number of critical issues and has stimulated criticism of various sorts. Among the criticisms leveled at strategic therapy are that it involves the taking of too many risks, that it is deceptive, that it is controlling and manipulative, that it is disrespectful, and that it is superficial and narrow. Each of these five major areas of concern is discussed and addressed with case examples to illustrate a rationale and justification for the use of these less conventional methods.     

Feminism and family therapy—a possible meeting point

This paper centres on the question ‘Is it possible to be a feminist and to practise family therapy?’ We explore the essence of feminism and family therapy and conclude that a style of feminist family therapy is possible. Feminist family therapy has a particular theoretical base and is characterized by a particular combination of practice principles. It also raises general issues for the training and practice of all family therapists.