脑卒中诊治观念转变的思考

脑卒中是一种常见病,伴有较高的病死率和致残率.近年来脑卒中诊治方面取得了不少进展,许多有关脑卒中的诊治的观念发生了巨大的转变,如卒中后血压的控制,高血压脑出血的止血治疗,急性脑梗死的溶栓治疗,卒中单元以及卒中的预防等方面.从这些转变中渗透着许多哲学观点,如否定之否定规律,科学假说与理论之间的关系,系统论的应用等.运用哲学的观点认识脑卒中的诊断治疗的转变,对日后的临床和科研有着一定的指导意义.     

论脑卒中患者的个体化降压治疗

脑卒中在全球范围发病率高,具有较高的死亡率和致残率,严重威胁着人类的健康.高血压是脑卒中的首要危险因素,运用哲学的观点认识脑卒中患者个体化降压治疗的原则,从而为卒中患者的临床治疗提供了重要的理论依据.     

再谈缺血性脑卒中的二级预防——欧洲缺血性卒中新指南解读

脑卒中具有高复发率的特点,而且复发性卒中比首次卒中更容易引起严重的残疾,预后更差。因此加强脑卒中的二级预防十分必要。2008年5月6日欧洲卒中组织发布了最新的缺血性卒中和短暂性脑缺血发作的治疗指南。该指南用较大的篇幅,对缺血性脑卒中的二级预防,从控制血管危险因素、抗栓治疗、外科治疗和血管成形术等几个方面进行了较全面的阐述。其中不乏最新的循证医学证据和观点,值得我们借鉴。     

缺血性卒中治疗中的若干启示

脑卒中具有高发病率、高病死率、高度致残的临床特点。目前对缺血性卒中的治疗已取得了重大进展,但它仍是内科临床工作中最具挑战性的任务之一。哲学反思对科学的发展具有指导作用,本文从哲学的角度对缺血性卒中的治疗策略和措施进行综合分析,以把握其最新的发展趋势。     

正确认识和运用卒中单元的理念

过去几年,卒中单元已经成为脑卒中管理的重要的进展,日益得到重视和应用,但卒中单元强调的是以多维的观点、综合性方法,使卒中病人获得最优化的临床保健和健康后果,是脑血管疾病管理的新模式和新理念,其模式类型、运行方式、费用、具体应用等还有许多问题需要广泛、深入地探索,更研究证据和时间验证和回答。     

正确认识和运用卒中单元的理念

过去几年,卒中单元已经成为脑卒中管理的重要的进展,日益得到重视和应用,但卒中单元强调的是以多维的观点、综合性方法,使卒中病人获得最优化的临床保健和健康后果,是脑血管疾病管理的新模式和新理念,其模式类型、运行方式、费用、具体应用等还有许多问题需要广泛、深入地探索,更研究证据和时间验证和回答.     

感染对缺血性脑卒中发病的影响

缺血性脑卒中的发生除传统高危因素外还和动脉的炎性反应有关,如血管壁内炎性细胞的聚集,早期参与触发动脉粥样硬化的形成,晚期促进动脉粥样硬化斑块的破裂和血栓的形成。微生物的慢性感染已被发现有增加卒中发生的危险,而机体产生免疫反应的强弱程度也起到重要作用。微生物的感染通过多个机制影响卒中的发生。概述了感染、炎症与缺血性脑卒中发病方面的研究现状以及由此带来的对缺血性脑卒中预防与治疗决策的可能影响。     

感染对缺血性脑卒中发病的影响

缺血性脑卒中的发生除传统高危因素外还和动脉的炎性反应有关,如血管壁内炎性细胞的聚集,早期参与触发动脉粥样硬化的形成,晚期促进动脉粥样硬化斑块的破裂和血栓的形成.微生物的慢性感染已被发现有增加卒中发生的危险,而机体产生免疫反应的强弱程度也起到重要作用.微生物的感染通过多个机制影响卒中的发生.概述了感染、炎症与缺血性脑卒中发病方面的研究现状以及由此带来的对缺血性脑卒中预防与治疗决策的可能影响.     

也谈“A是A又不是A”与辩证逻辑─—与诸葛殷同同志商榷

诸葛殷同同志的文章《“A是A又不是A”与辩证逻辑》（载《哲学研究）1994年第2期。以下简称“诸葛文”对拙作《不要用普通逻辑否定辩证逻辑）（载《哲学研究）1993年增刊）中的一些观点进行了批评。但我认为诸葛文中的许多说法是不正确的。特写此文与其讨论。如众周知，辩证矛盾和逻辑矛盾是根本不同的。在逻辑研究中，既不能为肯定辩证矛盾而同时肯定逻辑矛盾，也不能为否定逻辑矛盾而否定辩证矛盾。诸葛文对ZO世纪ZO－4O年代一些辩证论者混淆辩证矛盾和逻辑矛盾的观点进行批评，并且说什么马佩的主张“承认唯物辩证法的对立统一律，就…     

中西医结合脑卒中治疗新模式的探讨

卒中是危害人类健康最严重的疾病之一,其发病率高、死亡率高、致残率高,已成为世界范围内的健康问题。卒中单元已被证实是目前治疗卒中最有效的方法,组织化卒中医疗作为卒中单元的进一步发展,成为脑卒中治疗模式新的趋势;中医强调整体观念和辨证论治,将中西医结合起来,建立和实施中西医结合脑卒中治疗新模式,有助于降低脑卒中患者的死亡率,减少并发症,提高生活质量。通过探讨一种中西医结合脑卒中治疗模式的特点和运作方式,为脑卒中治疗模式的发展提供新的思路。     

Compensatory relationship of mechanical energy in paretic limb during sit-to-stand motion of stroke survivors

The sit-to-stand motion is a prerequisite for walking and is therefore frequently performed in daily life. Diseases such as stroke often make performing it challenging. Even the stroke survivors who can stand up, the number of sit-to-stand motions they perform each day is lower than that of healthy adults. The inability of stroke survivors to stand up many times might be due to uneven distribution of mechanical energy expenditure across body parts. However, it was unclear in which body part this mechanical energy expenditure was concentrated, i.e., whether it was due to co-contraction of the paretic limb or compensation by the sound limb. Thus, this study aims to identify which body parts are responsible for mechanical energy expenditure in stroke survivors. Ten stroke survivors and ten healthy adults performed sit-to-stand motion recorded using motion capture cameras. We created a 3-D human model and calculated the mechanical energy expenditure for each joint and segment. The stroke survivors expended more mechanical energy in the affected hip and waist in contrast to the affected knee. Notably, a compensatory relationship for mechanical energy expenditure was observed between adjacent joints on the affected side and not between the affected and sound limbs. This is because stroke survivors may have achieved the sit-to-stand motion by compensating for the distal part with the less impaired proximal part. In addition, the more severe the movement disorders, the more mechanical energy must be expended in the paretic hip to achieve the sit-to-stand motion. These results could contribute to fundamental knowledge about more comfortable daily living in stroke survivors.     

An Enduring Somatic Threat Model of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Due to Acute Life‐Threatening Medical Events

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) occurs in 12–25% of survivors of acute life‐threatening medical events such as heart attack, stroke, and cancer, and is associated with recurrence of cardiac events and mortality in heart attack survivors. This article reviews the current state of knowledge about PTSD after such events, and proposes an Enduring Somatic Threat (EST) model of PTSD due to acute life‐threatening medical events to address underappreciated differences between PTSD due to past, discrete/external traumatic events (such as combat) and PTSD due to acute manifestations of chronic disease that are enduring/internal in nature (such as heart attack and stroke). The differences include the external versus internal/somatic source of the threat, the past versus present/future temporal focus of threatening cognitions, the different types and consequences of avoidance behavior, and the different character and consequences of hyperarousal. Although important differences between the two types of PTSD exist, the EST model proposes that the underlying fear of mortality maintains PTSD symptoms due to both discrete/external and ongoing/somatic events. Finally, this article offers a research agenda for testing the EST model, with a particular focus on areas that may improve cardiovascular prognosis and health behaviors in survivors of heart attack and stroke.     

阿司匹林在缺血性脑卒中二级预防应用的现况调查

调查缺血性脑卒中患者二级预防中阿司匹林的使用情况,并初步分析其影响因素。本研究为现况调查,调查对象为神经内科门诊与病房就诊既往诊断明确的脑梗死或短暂性脑缺血发作患者,调查其近两周内的阿司匹林使用情况及相关影响因素。经过调查初步得出缺血性脑卒中幸存者应该给予抗血小板药物,除非预计患者不久将死亡或有严重的禁忌证,阿斯匹林应用比例少,剂量不足,应引起患者及医务人员的重视,临床医师应遵循临床指南给与正确的指导。     

Common neuropsychological deficits associated with stroke survivors' impaired performance on a useful field of view test

Useful field of view is a measure of information processing in peripheral vision that has potential for predicting impaired driving performance. The present study was performed to examine whether common neuropsychological deficits resulting from stroke might be associated with useful field of view impairment. 46 stroke survivors had impaired useful field of view test performance when compared to individuals without stroke (t30.6= -4.33, p<.001). The impairments in useful field of view of stroke survivors were associated with impaired peripheral fields, slowed processing speeds, and diminished attention. Such impairment was not localized to lesions in any particular brain area. Results allow the inference that common neuropsychological impairments may have contributed to inefficient extraction of visual information from peripheral vision.     

Persistent symptoms among survivors of Hodgkin's disease: an explanatory model based on classical conditioning.

Persistent symptoms of nausea, distress, and vomiting triggered by reminders of cancer treatment were examined among 273 Hodgkin's disease survivors, 1 to 20 years posttreatment. Prevalence rates were high for distress and nausea but low for vomiting. Retrospective report of anticipatory symptoms during treatment was the strongest predictor of persistent symptoms, suggesting that treatment-induced symptoms are less likely to persist if conditioning does not occur initially. Time since treatment was also a significant predictor, with patients more recently treated more likely to experience persistent symptoms. Thus, an explanatory model based on classical conditioning theory successfully predicted presence of persistent symptoms. Symptoms also were associated with ongoing psychological distress, suggesting that quality of life is diminished among survivors with persistent symptoms. Recommendations for prevention and treatment of symptoms are discussed.     

Central Nervous System Complications of Sickle Cell Disease in Children: An Overview

Complications involving the central nervous system are among the most devastating manifestations of sickle cell disease. Although overt stroke occurs in 1 in 10 children with Hemoglobin SS, “silent cerebral infarcts” are even more frequent. Both are associated with significant neuropsychological deficits. The end result of these effects on the CNS often is diminished school performance. The use of transcranial Doppler ultrasonography screening allows the identification of patients at high risk for clinical stroke as well as stroke prevention by chronic transfusion. However, definitive prophylaxis and treatment for most CNS complications of sickle cell disease have yet to be determined.     

Central nervous system complications of sickle cell disease in children: an overview.

Complications involving the central nervous system are among the most devastating manifestations of sickle cell disease. Although overt stroke occurs in 1 in 10 children with Hemoglobin SS, "silent cerebral infarcts" are even more frequent. Both are associated with significant neuropsychological deficits. The end result of these effects on the CNS often is diminished school performance. The use of transcranial Doppler ultrasonography screening allows the identification of patients at high risk for clinical stroke as well as stroke prevention by chronic transfusion. However, definitive prophylaxis and treatment for most CNS complications of sickle cell disease have yet to be determined.     

Revealing language deficits following stroke: the cost of doing two things at once

The costs of doing two things were assessed for a group of healthy older adults and older adults who were tested at least 6 months after a stroke. A baseline language sample was compared to language samples collected while the participants were performing concurrent motor tasks or selective ignoring tasks. Whereas the healthy older adults showed few costs due to the concurrent task demands, the language samples from the stroke survivors were disrupted by the demands of doing two things at once. The dual task measures reveal long-lasting effects of strokes that were not evident when stroke survivors were assessed using standard clinical tools.     

Kinematic motion analysis and muscle activation patterns of continuous reaching in survivors of stroke

Coordinated reaching requires continuous interaction between the efferent motor output and afferent feedback; this interaction may be significantly compromised following a stroke. The authors sought to characterize how survivors of stroke generate continuous, goal-directed reaching. Sixteen survivors of stroke completed functional testing of the stroke-affected side and a continuous reaching task between 2 targets with both sides. Motion analysis and electromyography data were collected to determine segmental contributions to reach (e.g., amount of compensatory trunk), spatiotemporal parameters (e.g., peak velocities), and muscle activation patterns (MAP). Repeated measures analyses of variance compared how survivors of stroke reach with the stroke-affected versus less affected sides. Correlations were determined between kinematic outcomes and functional ability. Participants used significantly more trunk movement and less shoulder flexion and elbow extension when reaching with the stroke-affected side. This corresponded with less muscle activity in the proximal musculature including the anterior, middle, and posterior deltoid on the stroke-affected side. There were significant correlations between the segmental contributions to reach, functional ability, and MAPs. Survivors of stroke generate reduced MAPs in the stroke-affected side corresponding to altered segmental kinematics and function ability. These findings suggest that impairments in the ability to generate sufficient MAPs may contribute to the difficulty in generating continuous reaching motions.     

Revealing Language Deficits Following Stroke: The Cost of Doing Two Things at Once

ABSTRACT

The costs of doing two things were assessed for a group of healthy older adults and older adults who were tested at least 6 months after a stroke. A baseline language sample was compared to language samples collected while the participants were performing concurrent motor tasks or selective ignoring tasks. Whereas the healthy older adults showed few costs due to the concurrent task demands, the language samples from the stroke survivors were disrupted by the demands of doing two things at once. The dual task measures reveal long-lasting effects of strokes that were not evident when stroke survivors were assessed using standard clinical tools.