精神分裂症患者的抽象和概括过程的实验研究 Ⅰ.精神分裂症患者与正常人的比较

問題 思維障碍是精神分裂症患者的一个重要症状。不少学者曾对此作过許多观察和研究,也提出了各种看法,但至今仍无一个公认的結論。例如,最早布魯尔(E. Bleuler,1911)提出这种病人的思維特点是“联想松弛”,其后又有人提出是“具体性”或“过于抽象”等。 关于“具体性”的問題有許多不同的提法,例如,皮亚杰(J. Piaget)认为精神分裂症患者的思維是儿童期自我中心的思維和成人邏輯思維間的“中站”;維果特斯基(A.     

DYNAMICS OF CULTURAL IN-BETWEENITY: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY*

The Dialectical Theory of Cultural In-Betweenity proposes three main identification patterns among the black intelligentsia: Capitulation to the dominant culture, Revitalization of the indigenous culture, and Radicalization of both so as to arrive at a new and higher synthesis. Three scales corresponding to the identification patterns were constructed and a comparative study was conducted on two college samples. One group consisted of 45 Somali students being trained in the United States. The other group consisted of 57 Somali students being trained in Somalia. Specific hypotheses comparing the two groups were tested and mostly confirmed by means of various psychological instruments. Investigation into the component features of each identification pattern led to further refinement of the theory. Factor analytic explorations suggested the prevalence of distinct ethos, group reference, and self-image within each orientation. Capitalist ethos, elitism, and inferiority complex seem to be characteristic of Capitulation. Traditional ethos, race consciousness, and identity-rumination were delineated for Revitalization. Socialist ethos, class consciousness, and co-optation fears emerged as distinct components of Radicalization. The Dialectical Theory of Cultural In-Betweenity and the empirical findings are then discussed within the broad historical framework of colonialism and racism.     

员工自我调节学习的实证研究

本研究以沿海和中原地区的国有、合资和私营企业的603名员工为被试,通过探索性因素分析和验证性因素分析,探讨了员工自我调节学习的心理机制。研究结果表明,员工自我调节学习的基本结构包括学习动力调节和策略调节两个方面。研究结果为提高员工的自我调节学习水平提供了科学依据。     

THE THEOLOGICAL DEBATE OVER HUMAN ENHANCEMENT: AN EMPIRICAL CASE STUDY OF A MEDIATING ORGANIZATION

For most theologians, theology should ultimately be used by the laity and/or the public. However, the religion and science debate has not focused on the divide between theologians and the laity. In this case study I examine the debate among theologians about human enhancement. I focus on the extent to which the structure of the debate in a “mediating organization” between the theologians and the public coincides with the structure of the debate among the theologians. I conduct a survey of participants in the organization, and find that the basic divides among the theologians are largely replicated. These results, when combined with studies of the theologians themselves and the laity, provide a more holistic understanding of the future debate about human enhancement.     

THE EFFECTS OF VARIABILITY AND RISK IN SELECTION UTILITY ANALYSIS: AN EMPIRICAL COMPARISON

To date, utility analysis research has derived point estimates of the expected utility value for human resource management programs or interventions. Utility estimates are usually quite large, but they fail to reflect the size and shape of the utility distribution. The present study investigated utility estimate variability for the selection utility of using the Programmer Aptitude Test to select computer programmers in a medium-sized computer manufacturing organization. Utility calculations incorporated financial/economic factors as well as employee flows over time. The distributions for each utility parameter were empirically estimated, and these distribution estimates were combined through a Monte Carlo analysis to yield a distribution of total utility values. Monte Carlo results were compared to three other risk assessment approaches: (1) sensitivity analysis, (2) break-even analysis, and (3) algebraic derivation of the distribution. Results suggest that the distribution information provided by the Monte Carlo analysis more completely described the variability and riskiness associated with the expected utility value. Future research suggested by these findings is discussed.     

DIMENSIONAL INTERPRETATION AND CONFIGURATION INVARIANCE IN MULTIDIMENSIONAL SCALING: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY

This paper is concerned with: a ) the invariance of nonmetric multi- dimensional scaling soludions over changes in stimulus domain; and b) pro- cedures for assisting the researcher in interpreting the axes of multidimen- sional scaling configurations. The stimuli consisted of the names of 17 popular brands of automobiles. Similarities and preference judgments were obtained from 37 subjects, divided into two groups of approximately equal size. Each group received 11 of the 17 stimuli. A core set of 6 stimuli was common over both groups. Each group also rated the 11 car models on 20 semantic differential scales. Results of the study suggested that the interpoint distances of bhe core set of 5 stimuli remained stable over subject groups and differences in stimulus set composition. Semantic differential ratings were used to find directions in the configurational space (obtained from overall similarity judg- ments) whose projections were maximally correlated with the outside (property) vectors. Stimulus configurations developed from the semantic differential space were highly congruent with those found by the analysis of direct similarity judgments. However, attempts to develop stimulus configurations by the "unfolding" of preference data alone did not lead to configurations which closely matched those found by the analysis of direct similarities data.     

AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF OVERSEAS CHINESE MANAGERIAL IDEOLOGY*

This study of managerial ideology focuses on the question of legitimacy and attempts to reconstruct the way in which the role of the chief executive is perceived in the context of Overseas Chinese economic cultures. The location of the study is Hong Kong, Taiwan and Singapore and those studied were 72 chief executives in Chinese business organizations. Three determinants of present-day beliefs are traced to the socio-historical legacy of China, and these are identified as paternalism, personalism and a defensiveness derived from insecurity. The workings of their influence are traced via perceptions of the self, of relationships, of organization, and of society at large, to explain how executives rationalize their behaviour and their roles.     

精神分裂症患者的抽象和概括过程的实验研究 Ⅱ.精神分裂症患者与其他病人的比较

我们在将精神分裂症患者的抽象和概括过程与正常人的进行比较研究后,再与其他神经精神病人作了比较,其目的是进一步探讨精神分裂症患者抽象和概括过程的特点。 方 法 实验资料只采用了前一研究中的图和字分类以及“第四例外”实验,其方法亦与前一研究同。 研究对象为不典型的精神分裂症、神经官能症、反应性精神病、躁狂性精神病、忧郁性精神病、器质性精神病和麻痹性痴呆等127例患者(表1)。除个别神经官能症患者属门     

组织气氛与员工参与的关系

员工参与是提高组织绩效的重要一环 ,也是组织提高运作效率和使员工产生积极心态的关键 ;组织气氛是影响员工参与的一个重要因素。文章探讨了组织气氛与员工参与之间的关系 ,对全国各地区共 14 8家企业的90 4份调查问卷进行了单因素方差分析和逐步回归分析。研究结果表明 ,员工参与变量有显著的所有制差异和地区差异 ;低科层性的、创新性的和支持性的组织气氛会显著地提高员工参与水平 ;企业的科层式管理体制 ,是影响员工参与水平的最显著因素。研究结果对我国企业管理者有重要的启示     

AGENCY-IN-PRACTICE: AN INTERPENETRATION OF INDIVIDUAL AND SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION PROCESSES

Agency-in-practice is the concrete application of individual constructive capacities as permeated and potentiated by contemporaneous social meanings, practices, and institutions. This concept is proposed as one that maintains an intelligible, potent role for human agency in postmodern theorizing, while embracing the constructive processes of social interactions and institutions. Agency-in-practice is examined in three domains: (1) coordination of subpersonal processes, (2) construal and predication, and (3) language development and use. Implications of such a reformulation of agency are suggested, especially those regarding conditions for the full development of agency and for facilitating social change.     

THE RELATIONSHIP OF LIKING AND CHOICE TO ATTRIBUTES OF AN ALTERNATIVE AND THEIR SALIENCY

Evaluations of specific attributes of a subcompact automobile were combined in linear regressions to predict overall liking and purchase intention. Of two forms-raw scales and scales weighted by the importance attached to each attribute by each subject-unweighted evaluations proved more consistent and important predictors than did these same evaluations weighted by their saliency.     

短时作业中警戒绩效影响因素的实验研究:兼用信号检测论分析

本文研究了短时（１小时内）作业中警戒绩效的一些影响因素。实验采用ＥＰ７１０警戒仪,研究了短时作业中时间、信号密度（信噪比）以及信号显著性（占空比）对警戒绩效的影响。使用的方法为信号检测论。因变量指标为辨别力指数ｄ’和判断标准Ｂ。结果发现,作业时间和占空比对警戒绩效没有影响,信噪比对辨别力指数ｄ’有影响但对判断标准Ｂ没有影响。结果提示,在短时作业中,信噪比对警戒绩效起显著作用．     

THE FALLOUT FROM ABUSIVE SUPERVISION: AN EXAMINATION OF SUBORDINATES AND THEIR PARTNERS

Using spillover and crossover theory, we examined how subordinate's experience of abusive supervision impacts both subordinate's and partner's family domains. Specifically, a model was proposed and tested that examined the fallout from abusive supervision through 2 types of strain, work‐to‐family conflict and relationship tension, on family satisfaction of the subordinate and on family functioning of the partner. Using a matched set of 280 subordinates and partners, this study found that abusive supervision contributes to the experience of work‐to‐family conflict and relationship tension. Further, family satisfaction for the subordinate and family functioning for the partner were diminished through the experience of relationship tension. Interestingly, although the experience of work‐to‐family conflict contributed to relationship tension, it did not directly impact the family outcomes. We discuss the study's implications for theory, research, and practice while suggesting new research directions.     

AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE PREDICTORS OF EXECUTIVE CAREER SUCCESS

This study examined the degree to which demographic, human capital, motivational, organizational, and industrylregion variables predicted executive career success. Career success was assumed to comprise objective (pay, ascendancy) and subjective (job satisfaction, career satisfaction) elements. Results obtained from a sample of 1,388 U.S. executives suggested that demographic, human capital, motivational, and organizational variables explained significant variance in objective career success and in career satisfaction. Particularly interesting were findings that educational level, quality, prestige, and degree type all predicted financial success. In contrast, only the motivational and organizational variables explained significant amounts of variance in job satisfaction. These findings suggest that the variables that lead to objective career success often are quite different from those that lead to subjectively defined success.     

SOCIAL TRADITIONALISM AND PERSONALITY: AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION OF THE INTERRELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN SOCIAL VALUES AND PERSONALITY ATTRIBUTES*

Three personality variables - field dependence-independence cognitive style, tolerance of ambiguity and machiavellianism - and two social value variables - conformity-self-assertion and fatalism-personal efficacy - were used to investigate the relationship between attachment to norms of social traditionalism and personality orientation. Subjects were 218 first-level supervisors from five industrial plants in Auckland, New Zealand. They were classified into four cultural groups depending on whether they were immigrant or indigenous Polynesians or Europeans. It was found that, with the exception of fatalism-personal efficacy and machiavellianism, social values were significantly correlated with personality attributes. The direction of these associations supported the hypothesis that attachment to norms of social traditionalism is associated with low levels of psychological development, while attachment to norms of modernity is associated with high levels of psychological development.     

AN EMPIRICAL ASSESSMENT OF DATA COLLECTION USING THE INTERNET

Identical questionnaire items were used to gather data from 2 samples of employees. One sample ( n = 50) responded to a survey implemented on the World Wide Web. Another sample ( n = 181) filled out a paper version of the survey. Analyses of the 2 data sets supported an exploration of the viability of World Wide Web data collection. The World Wide Web data had fewer missing values than the paper and pencil data. A covariance analysis simultaneously conducted in both samples indicated similar covariance structures among the tested variables. The costs and benefits of using access controls to improve sampling are discussed. Four applications that do not require such access controls are discussed.