关于宗教研究中的“局内人信条”——以佛教感应故事和禅宗公案研究为例CSSCISSCI

在西方的科学研究中,对研究者的立场和身份问题,一直存在着所谓"局内人信条"。具体到宗教研究领域,研究者大体来说有两类,即信仰者和非信仰者。前者出于局内人视角,其研究往往关注的是研究本身是否对信仰者的信仰与宗教修行有所帮助,这种研究往往是可以超越时空限制的;后者出于局外人视角,其研究立足于现实,局限于一定的时空,更关注研究对象的客观性。所以,进行宗教研究时,明确研究者的身份以及研究立场至关重要,这便是所谓"局内人信条"。在分析"局内人信条"理论的基础上,试图以佛教中的感应故事研究和禅宗公案研究为例,对宗教研究中的"局内人信条"进行探讨。     

禅宗“清净”说及其影响

在惠能《坛经》中,"清净"或"净"是最常见的字词。惠能认为,人心先天就蕴含着佛教宣扬、追求的全部道理,本身是"清净"的;只是由于在后天的生活中惹上了种种"烦恼",包括对各种利益的追求,"众生"才未能涅槃成佛。只有泯灭一切利心,祛除一切畏惧,保持内心的"清净",才能"见真道"。禅宗的"清净"说,对唐末五代时期僧侣的行事作风有明显地影响。     

王渔洋的佛门交游及其禅宗思想关于厘清渔洋“诗”与“禅”关系之公案的必要阐释

提要：清初佛门大盛,王渔洋’与蒋超、梁熙等人为代表的居士禅与之相表里。渔洋参禅礼佛,交游剖石、继起、见月、拙庵、大汕诸佛门龙象,昌言以禅补儒,禅悦性灵,批评明末以来辟佛风气;提倡佛门无诤,欲平息济洞聚讼,还佛门清净地;重戒律修行,不满僧人修行不密,风气日颓;以禅喻诗,释语入诗,重活句以得禅髓,开拓诗境。渔洋不以学问见长,然通达禅理要不可诬,其事足增踵佛门,“神韵”说也深受禅宗影响。通过考察渔洋佛门交游与禅宗思想,大抵可厘清学界争讼已久的渔洋是否通禅理、“神韵”说是否与禅宗关联密切一段公案。李圣华,文学博士,浙江师范大学江南文化研究中心教授。     

郭店《老子》与“老子”公案

“老子”公案自古至今,到二十世纪初“古史辨”派再度为此引发了数十年的激烈争辩。七十年代帛书《老子》、九十年代竹简《老子》的发现,令汉语学界一片兴奋,皆以为“老子”公案可以就此了结。本文经过冷静的分析与检讨,得出了不同的结论,即,就我们现有的材料,尚不足以了结“老子”公案。因此我们还需要等待新的发现、新的证据。     

最好是修心——《文竹茶话》

禅宗有个著名的公案：风吹幡动,一僧日风动,一僧日幡动。师日：非风动,亦非幡动,能者心动尔。心动,心随之而动,因此主要的是这个“之”,它直接地决定了“动”的后果。既然心动是引子,而我们又无法阻止,那就应该去修,去明,去悟,采取正确的方法去引导。人生苦短,如白驹过隙,每个人都会遇到各种各样的问题。     

华严宗与禅宗“体用”观之管窥

在佛教思想体系中,华严宗与禅宗的理论反映了较高的中国化思想,其中将中国哲学的“体用”范畴引入到中国佛教宗派思想之中。就学理而言,“体用”被作为基本范畴之一,对各宗派的哲学理论及修持理论建构起到过重要的作用。同时,在各派思想体系中,又凸显出不同的特色。     

“禅学研究”与“禅宗体修”——走出“胡适禅学案”的困境

上世纪二十年代起,胡适与铃木大拙就中国禅学史的问题展开论辩。在1949年夏威夷大学东西哲学会议上,两人公开摊牌,夏威夷大学出版的《哲学期刊》上刊发了他们的论点。之后,日本学者柳田圣山将胡适的禅学论文收集编入《胡适禅学案》一书,在日本与台湾相继出版。由此,胡适与铃木的论战被学界称作"胡适禅学案"。     

禅宗与宋明理学的“光景”说发微

“光景”是佛教和宋明儒学的工夫实践中值得重视的工夫阶段和心灵景象。本文以儒佛比较的视域,探讨不同论域中的光景义理与实践问题。禅宗中的浅层光景属于未离前六识的昭灵禅,深层光景属于破除第六识的明心禅。彻底打破光景,方能离识见性。在宋明理学中,朱子对光景的批判具有中肯之论,他全然否定光景的原因在于,主敬穷理的工夫进路难以与立根心体的工夫方式及体认内容相应。阳明学的光景说按体认层次分为三种：情识冒认的感性心态、心体初步呈现的“光景”、静中深层心体呈露的“端倪”。本文尝试阐述后两者的内涵、正面意义及局限,以期厘清学术史上对光景说的含混解释。     

弘扬禅宗文化 促进和谐发展——“第二届黄梅禅宗文化高峰论坛”侧记

蕲黄禅宗甲天下,佛教大事问黄梅。黄梅禅宗在中国禅宗文化中地位独特:6座禅宗祖庭,黄梅独占两座,千年古刹四祖寺、五祖寺分别坐落在黄梅的西山和东山;禅宗6位祖师中,四祖道信、五祖弘忍、六祖慧能都在黄梅修行并传承衣钵;而在禅学上农禅并重、顿悟等理念的创     

“人间佛教”转型与禅宗在中国近现代佛教中的地位和作用

在中国近现代佛教史上,以创新、改革著称的禅宗,以适应由古代佛教向现代转变的时代发展的需要,率先开始了以“人间佛教”为核心的革新运动。寄禅、太虚、印顺都是中国佛教时代精神和理论创建的杰出代表,构成了鼎力于佛教改革的三个时代。从佛教的出世到入世,到“人生佛教”的提出,进而“人间佛教”理论的完善和实践,是禅宗在中国佛教史上的又一次创新,而且也有力地推动了中国近现代佛教的社会化发展,在客观上起到了振兴佛教的作用。     

“加冕”“风水文化师”的思考

一、一条惊人的信息报载:南京某著名大学易学研究所和建设部、中国建筑文化中心等联合举办“建筑风水文化师”培训班,并将在国内首次开展“建筑风水文化师”认证,经考试合格者可获得建设部中国建筑文化中心颁发的“建筑风水文化执行官(师)”职业资格证书。这就是说一向被视为搞迷信活动,以相宅基、点墓穴为职业的江湖术士们可以“加冕”了, 可以冠冕堂皇地挂牌营业了。某些笃信“风水”、为保佑官运亨通的共产党员领导干部们,以公费“埋单”、请风水先生选址建办公大楼的行为也无需     

Scientific Research and Human Rights: A Response to Kitcher on the Limitations of Inquiry

In his recent work exploring the role of science in democratic societies Kitcher (Science in a democratic society. Prometheus Books, New York, 2011) claims that scientists ought to have a prominent role in setting the agenda for and limits to research. Against the backdrop of the claim that the proper limits of scientific inquiry is John Stuart Mill’s Harm Principle (Kitcher in Science, truth, and democracy. Oxford University Press, New York, 2001), he identifies the limits of inquiry as the point where the outcomes of research could cause harm to already vulnerable populations. Nonetheless, Kitcher argues against explicit limitations on unscrupulous research on the grounds that restrictions would exacerbate underlying social problems. I show that Kitcher’s argument in favor of dissuading inquiry through conventional standards is problematic and falls prey to the same critique he offers in opposition to official bans. I expand the conversation of limiting scientific research by recognizing that the actions that count as ‘science’ are located in the space between ‘thinking’ and ‘doing’. In this space, we often attempt to balance freedom of research, as scientific speech, against the disparate impact citizens might experience in light of such research. I end by exploring if such disparate impact justifies limiting research, within the context of the United States, under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 or under international human rights standards more generally.     

The word "bioethics": its birth and the legacies of those who shaped it

Extensive historical sleuthing reveals that the word "bioethics" and the field of study it names experienced, in 1970/1971, a "bilocated birth" in Madison, Wisconsin, and in Washington, D.C. Van Rensselaer Potter, at the University of Wisconsin first coined the term; and André Hellegers, at Georgetown University, at the very least, latched onto the already-existing word "bioethics" and first used it in an institutional way to designate the focused area of inquiry that became an academic field of learning and a movement regarding public policy and the life sciences. A further comparison of the Potter and the Hellegers/Georgetown understandings of bioethics and the relative acceptance of the two views will appear in the March 1995 issue of this journal.     

帛书《缪和》《昭力》中"子"为孔子考

马王堆帛书<缪和><昭力>是孔子易说,其中的"子"并非后世之经师,更非黄老派学者,而是孔子,这可以从诸多方面得到论证.这两篇帛书因此成为研究孔子易学、<易>教思想的重要资料.     

国师之师——南林寺慧静社会关系研究

南林寺慧静是南朝宋代的涅槃名家之一、梁代国师慧约之恩师,以律行总持著称。一直以来,南林寺慧静少为学界所关注,有关其社会关系的诸多问题有待研究。本文结合史料,从师承、同门、弟子和外护等方面,对南林寺慧静的社会关系进行初步探讨,指出南林寺慧静是法业的高足、佛陀跋陀罗的再传弟子,可谓佛陀跋陀罗法系的律行传承者;慧静不像同门昙斌那样被统治者敕令回京弘法,而是游化于浙东的山寺;慧约早年跟随慧静的山居生活经历,对其一生有深远的影响,其成就与慧静律行精严、俭素苦行的身教是分不开的;颜延之、何尚之和颜竣等外护对慧静的弘法活动有一定影响。     

Preference for control and the coronary-prone behavior pattern: "I'd rather do it myself"

We explored differential preference for control among Type A and Type B individuals. Forty-six subjects were threatened with an aversive event (loud noise) and were allowed to choose whether to turn off the noise themselves or to yield control to another (more competent) individual. The results showed that Type B subjects (regardless of sex) tended to relinquish control to their more competent confederates and thus reduce the aversive stimulus, whereas the choice behavior of Type As was less clear. In addition, although female subjects tended to yield control, male subjects were more inclined to retain it. Because the willingness to yield control in general appears to be stronger in women than in men, the behavior observed in Type As may be partly moderated by the subject's sex. Although there were suggestive trends in the data, the central psychological features of the Type A pattern remain ambiguous and await studies in which researchers explore these effects, using a variety of situations and larger sample sizes.     

"命题推理"的心理学研究综述

本文在对“如果…,那么…”规则、“四卡问题”和“THOG”等三种有关“命题推理”领域的研究作了简要综述。     

手机短信与大学生人格特征关系的研究

采用自编式手机短信（SMS）问卷及NEO—PI—R人格测试,以280名大学生为研究对象,该研究考察了SMS使用情况与大学生人格特征的关系。结果表明：（1）神经质与使用SMS的担心时间、幻觉经验、作息时间有显著负相关,与SMS对交往的影响呈显著的正相关;（2）外倾性与SMS使用数量和作息时间显著正相关;（3）宜人性与SMS使用时间有显著负相关,而与SMS比例呈显著正相关;（4）认真性与总费比例有显著负相关,与幻觉经验和作息时间存在显著正相关。     

Short forms of the "reference-" and "working-memory" Morris water maze for assessing age-related deficits.

Short forms of the reference- and working-memory versions of the Morris water maze, each limited to 10 trials, were examined for their reliability and sensitivity to age-related deficits in 16- and 24-month F-344 rats, relative to 2- to 2.5-month young controls. The reference-memory task used long intertrial intervals of 23 h, but required learning only one target location, while the working-memory task used shorter intertrial intervals of 60 min but required learning many different target locations. The reference-memory task was very reliable, revealed large age-related deficits, and correctly identified almost all aged rats as impaired relative to young controls. The working-memory task was less reliable, revealed smaller deficits than the reference memory task at 24 months, and did not discriminate as well between 2.5- and 24-month rats. Furthermore, in the working-memory task 16- and 24-month rats had longer swim paths than 2- to 2.5-month rats on the first trial of each trial pair, which is suggestive of a deficit in processing spatial information and raises questions about the validity of this test as a specific test of working memory. Although the working-memory procedures may be preferable under certain conditions, perhaps as a measure specific to hippocampal dysfunction, the reference-memory task seems more sensitive to age-related deficits and more accurately identifies older rats as impaired. These results are consistent with previous reports that age-related deficits in acquiring spatial learning tasks are common and that the magnitude of the deficit increases as the length of the retention interval increases.