竞赛压力、注意控制与运动表现关系的理论演进

竞赛压力及其引发的紧张焦虑对运动员的竞技状态有重要影响。注意控制理论(attentional control theory, ACT)从注意控制角度解释焦虑如何影响操作表现。阐述了ACT的历史演变过程和基本假设, 梳理了ACT在运动领域的适用性检验和基于ACT的拓展研究, 引出了ACT的发展理论——运动注意控制理论, 进而分析了其与挑战-威胁生物心理社会模型和自我控制力量模型的整合链接点, 提出了“压力-资源-注意控制整合模型”, 以更好地理解竞赛压力、注意控制与运动表现之间的关系。     

Information and discriminability as determinants of absolute judgment choice reaction time

The integration of information model of signal detection theory (SDT) was tested in a multiple observation tilt-discrimination task. Improvement in discriminability with additional observations was consonant with theory over two observations, but observations beyond the second yielded less improvement than predicted by the integration model. Analyses of operating characteristics lent some support to the applicability of SDT to the tilt-discrimination task.     

Cognitive integration of verbal and vocal information in spoken sentences

The problem of interpreting messages that contain both verbal and vocal information is similar to the problem of information integration in impression formation, clinical judgment, and decision-making. While the linear model has proven powerful in many experimental studies, the double bind theory and literature on incongruent communication suggest that configural effects should occur, particularly in the processing of inconsistent messages. Four models of the integration process were evaluated for short spoken sentences. Results confirmed the superiority of the linear model, but individual differences were observed. Evidence was found that inconsistent sentences are processed differently than consistent sentences, but the effects of inconsistency are not reflected in a multiplicative component. Comparison of this task with other information integration tasks is presented. Problems with methodologies for evaluating vocal information are presented, and implications of the results for the double bind theory are discussed.     

Integrating Theory and Research: The Development of a Research‐Based Treatment Program for Juvenile Male Sex Offenders

A research‐based treatment model designed to effectively address identified factors related to juvenile sexual offending behaviors is presented. Current research, theory, and national standards related to juvenile sexual offending are each explored with the treatment model reflecting an integration of these 3 components. The use of counseling skills is included throughout the model to further illustrate the application of theory and the role of the counselor in the treatment of this special population     

Social influence: A discussion and integration of recent models into a general group situation theory

Three models of social influence are presented and their principles discussed in depth: social impact theory, the social influence model and group situation theory. A detailed model of social impact is developed and combined with the group situation theory. The integration of these concepts is utilized to reanalyse several classical studies in social facilitation, social inhibition, crowding, social loafing, and helping in an emergency. Finally, in order to emphasize their differences, the three models are used to explain the Asch studies. The combination of a detailed version of social impact theory with group situation theory results in a middle range theory of group behaviour.     

Les processus de l’intégration psychologique chez un enfant migrant

This article deals with the theoretical model of integration process. The aim is to compare theory with clinic through the study of a migrant child, which present an elective muteness at school. The integration process seeks to highlight how groupals and intersubjectives situations are articulated to psychical reality. This articulation can help to the transitionnalisation of the individual experiences and thus support their integration. But all groups do not have the same potential of transitionnalisation. The family psychic apparatus seems to be the most appropriate agency for resolving in a creative way individual suffering.     

Integration of social identities in the self: toward a cognitive-developmental model.

This article presents a model of social identity development and integration in the self. Classic intergroup theories (e.g., social identity theory, self-categorization theory) address the situational, short-term changes in social identities. Although these theories identify the contextual and environmental factors that explain situational changes in social identification, the intraindividual processes underlying developmental changes in social identities and their integration within the self remain to be identified. Relying on recent intergroup models as well as on developmental (i.e., neo-Piagetian) and social cognitive frameworks, this article proposes a four-stage model that explains the specific processes by which multiple social identities develop intraindividually and become integrated within the self over time. The factors that facilitate versus impede these identity change processes and the consequences associated with social identity integration are also presented.     

Spiking Phineas Gage: a neurocomputational theory of cognitive-affective integration in decision making

The authors present a neurological theory of how cognitive information and emotional information are integrated in the nucleus accumbens during effective decision making. They describe how the nucleus accumbens acts as a gateway to integrate cognitive information from the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and the hippocampus with emotional information from the amygdala. The authors have modeled this integration by a network of spiking artificial neurons organized into separate areas and used this computational model to simulate 2 kinds of cognitive-affective integration. The model simulates successful performance by people with normal cognitive-affective integration. The model also simulates the historical case of Phineas Gage as well as subsequent patients whose ability to make decisions became impeded by damage to the ventromedial prefrontal cortex.     

Bridging emotion theory and neurobiology through dynamic systems modeling

Efforts to bridge emotion theory with neurobiology can be facilitated by dynamic systems (DS) modeling. DS principles stipulate higher-order wholes emerging from lower-order constituents through bidirectional causal processes--offering a common language for psychological and neurobiological models. After identifying some limitations of mainstream emotion theory, I apply DS principles to emotion-cognition relations. I then present a psychological model based on this reconceptualization, identifying trigger, self-amplification, and self-stabilization phases of emotion-appraisal states, leading to consolidating traits. The article goes on to describe neural structures and functions involved in appraisal and emotion, as well as DS mechanisms of integration by which they interact. These mechanisms include nested feedback interactions, global effects of neuromodulation, vertical integration, action-monitoring, and synaptic plasticity, and they are modeled in terms of both functional integration and temporal synchronization. I end by elaborating the psychological model of emotion-appraisal states with reference to neural processes.     

Preparing ex‐offenders for work: applying the self‐determination theory to social cognitive career counseling

Ex‐offenders, persons with criminal and limited job histories, are being released into communities every year. Social cognitive career theory (SCCT) focuses on several cognitive–person variables and on the interaction effect with the environment. Conceptually, the author views the integration of SCCT and the self‐determination theory as a promising model for engaging ex‐offenders in behavior change and job counseling. A fictional case study is presented that applies the integrated theory model.     

Theoretical and methodological analysis of partial knowledge

A theory of partial knowledge is proposed as an explanation of cognitive development, and methods are described for testing the theory. The theory consists of three structure-process pairs, each of which postulates a type of cognitive structure and a developmental process specific to that type. In restricted knowledge, a unitary algorithm is the cognitive structure, and amendment is the developmental process. In variable sampling, a structure of unitary substitutes is paired with a process of selection. In variable integration, modular components are paired with self-monitoring. Methods for testing the theory form a sequence of mathematical models. The first model in the sequence, called a model of double assessment, is described both verbally and mathematically. Other models in the sequence are described verbally with reference to other articles for the formal mathematics. Also described are some nonmathematical methods to be used as sequels to the double assessment model.     

抑郁认知易感性应激模式的研究：起源、发展和整合

近年来,对抑郁易感性的研究,已经成为探寻抑郁心理病理的一个热点。文章介绍了抑郁易感性应激模型的相关定义、起源、及主要特点。介绍了在当代具有代表性的3个理论：（1）Abramson的抑郁无望理论;（2）Beck的认知易感理论;（3）双信息过程理论。尤其对抑郁认知易感性因素本身的起源、发展及影响因素进行了评述。最后,介绍了整合的抑郁认知易感性应激模型。在此基础上,提出了模型进一步完善和发展的方向     

The development of intersensory temporal perception: an epigenetic systems/limitations view

Several theories have stressed the importance of intersensory integration for development but have not identified specific underlying integration mechanisms. The author reviews and synthesizes current knowledge about the development of intersensory temporal perception and offers a theoretical model based on epigenetic systems theory, proposing that responsiveness to 4 basic features of multimodal temporal experience--temporal synchrony, duration, temporal rate, and rhythm--emerges in a sequential, hierarchical fashion. The model postulates that initial developmental limitations make intersensory synchrony the basis for the integration of intersensory temporal relations and that the emergence of responsiveness to the other, increasingly more complex, temporal relations occurs in a hierarchical, sequential fashion by building on the previously acquired intersensory temporal processing skills.     

Women,Men, and Persons: A Response to "Feminist Perspectives on Erikson's Theory: Their Relevance for Contemporary Identity Development Research"

The search for the structure of identity formation is a necessary undertaking for the comprehension of identity, identity changes, and identity development. This article attempts to show that the identification of structure and structural stages of identity implies a movement away from the identity status model.We support and clarify our claim by discussing how Kroger's (this issue) definition of the concepts of structure and structural stages in relation to the identity status model leads to serious restrictions in these concepts. The concept of structural integration is introduced as an alternative interpretation and definition of the structure of identity formation. The definition and theoretical implications of the concept of structural integration are clarified and related to other recent conceptual and empirical analyses of identity theory and research.We then go on to show how the concept of structural integration can be studied in empirical research.     

Psychotherapy Integration: Contributions from Lifestyle Theory

The lifestyle theory of intervention is evaluated with respect to its status as an integrated psychotherapy using theoretical integration, technical eclecticism, and the common factors approach as criteria. Because lifestyle theory integrates concepts from evolutionary biology, existential philosophy, cognitive psychology, social learning theory, and various therapeutic models it satisfies preliminary criteria for theoretical integration. To the extent that it provides an internally consistent model and makes use of techniques from disparate schools of psychotherapy, it adopts a technical eclectic approach to intervention. The lifestyle model also appears to qualify as an integrated psychotherapy by virtue of its attention to several common factors in psychotherapy.     

学习动机整合理论的建构与研究展望

动机整合理论为研究学习动机提供了新的视野,本文参照动机整合理论,建立学习动机整合的概念.学习动机整合是指在学习过程中,个体通过自我调节,逐步内化外部控制因素、增强学习自主性的过程.学习动机的整合状态是最理想的学习动机状态.学习动机整合水平评定工具的修订、学习动机整合水平及其相关因素的调查分析、促进学习动机整合的策略研究是研究学习动机整合问题中需要关注的三个方面.     

Cognitive Therapy for Suicidality: An Integrative, Comprehensive, and Practical Approach to Conceptualization

A model of suicidality based in cognitive therapy is offered. The conceptual framework, referred to as the suicidal mode, incorporates the various systems of personality into an integrative theory with direct application for clinical care. Application of the suicidal mode to treatment of patients struggling with suicidality is discussed and broader issues of theoretical integration addressed.     

The suicidal mode: a cognitive-behavioral model of suicidality

This article discusses the theoretical foundation and potential clinical application of the suicidal mode, a cognitive behavioral theory of suicidality. The model presented represents a specific elaboration of Beck's modal theory of psychopathology. In addition to discussing the fundamental requirements of a theory of suicidality, the theoretical assumptions of the suicidal mode are identified, its component parts defined, its inherent strengths emphasized, and its application in clinical settings detailed. Definition of a modal theory of suicidality represents the growing influence of cognitive-behavioral theory in efforts at psychotherapeutic integration in clinical suicidology.     

A computational unification of cognitive behavior and emotion

Existing models that integrate emotion and cognition generally do not fully specify why cognition needs emotion and conversely why emotion needs cognition. In this paper, we present a unified computational model that combines an abstract cognitive theory of behavior control (PEACTIDM) and a detailed theory of emotion (based on an appraisal theory), integrated in a theory of cognitive architecture (Soar). The theory of cognitive control specifies a set of required computational functions and their abstract inputs and outputs, while the appraisal theory specifies in more detail the nature of these inputs and outputs and an ontology for their representation. We argue that there is a surprising functional symbiosis between these two independently motivated theories that leads to a deeper theoretical integration than has been previously obtained in other computational treatments of cognition and emotion. We use an implemented model in Soar to test the feasibility of the resulting integrated theory, and explore its implications and predictive power in several task domains.     

A “misrepresentation” of method as theory : Reply

Previous studies on the development of problem-solving skills in compensation tasks suggest that sequential decision theory more accurately describes the earlier phases of development than information integration theory. Compared to information integration theory, sequential decision theory appears to provide a more valid representation of children's and adults' processing of simpler compensation problems. On more developmentally advanced compensation problems, adults appear to use a variety of strategies. Information integration is capable of describing many of these patterns accurately. However, detailed analyses of performances by children and adults indicate that processing compensation problems by algebraic integration is the exception, rather than the general rule.