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1.
Reformers urge that representation no longer earns its explanatory keep in cognitive science, and that it is time to discard
this troublesome concept. In contrast, we hold that without representation cognitive science is utterly bereft of tools for
explaining natural intelligence. In order to defend the latter position, we focus on the explanatory role of representation
in computation. We examine how the methods of digital and analog computation are used to model a relatively simple target
system, and show that representation plays an in-eliminable explanatory role in both cases. We conclude that, to the extent
that biologic systems engage in computation, representation is destined to play an explanatory role in cognitive science.
相似文献
Jon OpieEmail: URL: http://arts.adelaide.edu.au/humanities/jopie/ |
2.
In two experiments, we investigated memory for words location after writing a text. Experiment 1 demonstrated the existence
of a memory for words location in writing by showing that participants who first composed a text and were then asked to locate
words extracted from their text performed above a chance level established using a computer simulation, and better than participants
who did not compose a text but were told the subject of the text. Experiment 2 showed that memory for words location in writing
is mainly supported by a visuospatial representation of the text, as indicated by the lower recall of words location by participants
who performed a visuospatial concurrent task at the time of the composition, compared with participants who performed a verbal
concurrent task. The findings highlight the role of a spatial representation of the physical layout of the text and the role
of such a memory in the writing process.
相似文献
Thierry OliveEmail: |
3.
John M Miyamoto 《Journal of mathematical psychology》1983,27(2):152-182
The class of first order polynomial measurement representations is defined, and a method for proving the existence of such representations is described. The method is used to prove the existence of first order polynomial generalizations of expected utility theory, difference measurement, and additive conjoint measurement. It is then argued that first order polynomial representations provide a deep and far reaching characterization of psychological invariance for subjective magnitudes of multiattributed stimuli. To substantiate this point, two applications of first order polynomial representation theory to the foundations of psychophysics are described. First, Relation theory, a theory of subjective magnitude proposed by Shepard (Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 1981, 24, 21–57) and Krantz (Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 1972, 9, 168–199), is generalized to a theory of magnitude for multiattributed stimuli. The generalization is based on a postulate of context invariance for the constituent uniattribute magnitudes of a multiattribute magnitude. Second, the power law for subjective magnitude is generalized to a multiattribute version of the power law. Finally, it is argued that a common logical pattern underlies multiattribute generalizations of psychological theories to first order polynomial representations. This abstract pattern suggests a strategy for theory construction in multiattribute psychophysics. 相似文献
4.
To guide the movement of the body through space, the brain must constantly monitor the position and movement of the body in relation to nearby objects. The effective piloting of the body to avoid or manipulate objects in pursuit of behavioural goals requires an integrated neural representation of the body (the body schema) and of the space around the body (peripersonal space). In the review that follows, we describe and evaluate recent results from neurophysiology, neuropsychology, and psychophysics in both human and non-human primates that support the existence of an integrated representation of visual, somatosensory, and auditory peripersonal space. Such a representation involves primarily visual, somatosensory, and proprioceptive modalities, operates in body-part-centred reference frames, and demonstrates significant plasticity. Recent research shows that the use of tools, the viewing of ones body or body parts in mirrors, and in video monitors, may also modulate the visuotactile representation of peripersonal space.
相似文献
Nicholas P. HolmesEmail: Phone: +44-1865-271307Fax: +44-1865-310447 |
5.
How Berkeley Corrupted His Capacity to Conceive 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Michael Jacovides 《Philosophia》2009,37(3):415-429
Berkeley’s capacity to conceive of mind-independent bodies was corrupted by his theory of representation. He thought that
representation of things outside the mind depended on resemblance. Since ideas can resemble nothing than ideas, and all ideas
are mind dependent, he concluded that we couldn’t form ideas of mind-independent bodies. More generally, he thought that we
had no inner resembling proxies for mind-independent bodies, and so we couldn’t even form a notion of such things. Because
conception is a suggestible faculty, Berkeley’s arguments actually made it the case that he himself couldn’t conceive of mind-independent
bodies.
相似文献
Michael JacovidesEmail: |
6.
Peter Allingham 《Knowledge, Technology, and Policy》2008,21(4):163-174
This article offers a semiotic approach to modes of representation and organization of urban space. With point of departure
in the art historian Donald Preziosi’s account of art history as episteme of modernity, the aim is to characterise codes that
regulate the representations of urban space in a development from modernity towards a post- or hypermodern condition. In order
to understand especially developments in aesthetic representation, Roman Jakobson’s semiotic mode of “artifice” is reintroduced.
It seems that the application of this semiotic mode is highly relevant to the understanding of aesthetic representation in
general but also and especially to the understanding of the aesthetics of three-dimensional artefacts. The article concludes
with a tentative matrix of urban spatial trends and a perspective to the impact of changes in communications technology on
the developments of urban space. Although the article has a theoretical scope, it refers to a number of examples from and
observations in the urban environment.
相似文献
Peter AllinghamEmail: |
7.
Mikkel Gerken 《Erkenntnis》2008,69(2):243-259
William Lycan has articulated “a simple argument” for higher-order representation (HOR) theories of a variety of consciousness
sometimes labeled ‘awareness consciousness’ (Lycan, Analysis 61.1, January 3–4, 2001). The purpose of this article is to critically
assess the influential argument-strategy of the simple argument. I argue that, as stated, the simple argument fails since
it is invalid. Moreover, I argue that an obvious “quick fix” would beg the question against competing same-order representation
(SOR) theories of awareness consciousness. I then provide a reconstruction of the argument and argue that although the reconstructed
argument deserves consideration, it is also too simple as stated. In particular, it raises several controversial questions about the nature of mental representation.
These questions must be addressed before a verdict as to the cogency of the HOR argument-strategy can be reached. But since
the questions are controversial, a cogent argument for HOR theories of awareness consciousness is unlikely to be simple.
相似文献
Mikkel GerkenEmail: |
8.
Three experiments re-investigated selective attention in the ‘ring-cueing’ paradigm of Egly and Homa (J Exp Psychol: Human
Percept Perform 10:778–793, 1984). Observers were cued to attend to one of three concentric rings of radius 1°, 2°, or 3°, and their signal detection accuracy
for cued and uncued rings was measured. Experiment 1, which used a central color cue to indicate a like-colored ring, replicated
ring-cueing effects along the lines of Egly and Homa. Experiments 2 and 3 examined whether these effects were produced by
observers exploiting secondary-depth cues possibly inherent in the display layout. With color cues, the availability of secondary-depth
information had no influence on the ring-cueing effects. However, making the rings monochrome and using central size cues
significantly reduced the ring-cueing effects when the depth information was disrupted. The results suggest that selection
was object-based, operating on a spatial ‘grouped-array’ representation of the cued ring made salient by color- or depth-based
segmentation mechanisms.
相似文献
Hermann J. MüllerEmail: |
9.
In this article we defend the inferential view of scientific models and idealisation. Models are seen as “inferential prostheses”
(instruments for surrogative reasoning) construed by means of an idealisation-concretisation process, which we essentially
understand as a kind of counterfactual deformation procedure (also analysed in inferential terms). The value of scientific
representation is understood in terms not only of the success of the inferential outcomes arrived at with its help, but also
of the heuristic power of representation and their capacity to correct and improve our models. This provides us with an argument
against Sugden’s account of credible models: the likelihood or realisticness (their “credibility”) is not always a good measure
of their acceptability. As opposed to “credibility” we propose the notion of “enlightening”, which is the capacity of giving
us understanding in the sense of an inferential ability.
相似文献
Xavier de Donato RodríguezEmail: |
Jesús Zamora Bonilla (Corresponding author)Email: |
10.
John Dilworth 《Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences》2007,6(3):369-387
Representationalists currently cannot explain counter-examples that involve indeterminate perceptual content, but a double content (DC) view is more promising. Four related cases of perceptual imprecision are used to outline the DC view, which also applies
to imprecise photographic content. Next, inadequacies in the more standard single content (SC) view are demonstrated. The
results are then generalized so as to apply to the content of any kinds of non-conventional representation. The paper continues
with evidence that a DC account provides a moderate rather than extreme realist account of perception, and it concludes with
an initial analysis of the failure of nomic covariance accounts of information in indeterminacy cases.
相似文献
John DilworthEmail: |
11.
Phenomenology of the body and the third generation of cognitive science, both of which attribute a central role in human cognition
to the body rather than to the Cartesian notion of representation, face the criticism that higher-level cognition cannot be
fully grasped by those studies. The problem here is how explicit representations, consciousness, and thoughts issue from perception
and the body, and how they cooperate in human cognition. In order to address this problem, we propose a research program,
a cognitive phenomenology of the body, which is basically motivated by the perspective of Merleau-Ponty. We find a substantial clue in developmental psychological
studies on the body and language.
相似文献
Shoji Nagataki (Corresponding author)Email: |
Satoru HiroseEmail: |
12.
Michael E Hyland 《Journal of research in personality》1985,19(1):72-77
The template method proposed by D. J. Bem and D. C. Funder 1978, Psychological Review, 85, 485–501) can have two separate purposes. First, template-behavior pairs can be used as a type of explanation in which situational influences are incorporated within a trait theory. Second, template matching can be used as a method for evaluating process theories. Recent discussion (D. J. Bem, 1983; Psychological Review, 90, 390–393; D. C. Funder, 1983; Psychological Review, 90, 283–289; W. Mischel & P. K. Peake, 1982, Psychological Review, 89, 730–755) confuses these two purposes. If used as a type of explanation, then templates can be criticized on the grounds of blunt empiricism; but if templates are used as a method for evaluating process theories, then process theorists should welcome this new technique. 相似文献
13.
Mariana Ortega-Brena 《Sexuality & culture》2009,13(1):17-31
This essay proposes a phenomenological approach to the viewing of Japanese hard-core animation (widely known in the West as
“hentai”), a type of erotica frequently characterized by detailed, unusual and fantastic depictions of sexual activity habitually
intended for sexual arousal. Pertinent instances of Japanese traditions of erotica and visual representation, as well as Japanese
animation and its industry are briefly reviewed. The main theoretical focus is on the experience of viewing such animated
material and is mostly informed by Western notions of pornography and film viewing, particularly Vivian Sobchack’s work on
the phenomenology of film.
相似文献
Mariana Ortega-BrenaEmail: |
14.
This mail survey measured post-traumatic stress symptoms, spiritual and non-spiritual coping strategies, and positive spiritual
outcomes following the tragedies of 9/11/01 in a national, random sample of 1,056 Presbyterians. Respondents reported mild
to moderate degrees of re-experiencing and hyper-arousal symptoms of post-traumatic stress, unrelated to location or knowing
someone involved. People experiencing high stress used greater frequency and variety of both spiritual and non-spiritual types
of coping strategies. Positive spiritual outcomes were remarkably related to positive spiritual coping strategies, in contrast
to no association with negative coping. This study illustrates the significant degree of post-traumatic stress experienced
with vicarious exposure and a wide spectrum of coping strategies used following the major terrorist attacks.
相似文献
John P. Marcum |
15.
The aim of this paper is to show that the widespread opinion, according to which functional role theories of representation
fail to account for content explanations of human and animal behaviour, cannot be confirmed with respect to each type of functional
role theory. Functional resemblance theories (as referred to by O’Brien and Opie in Representation in mind, Elsevier, 2004) allow for content explanations of successfully performed cognitive abilities as much as for explanations of systematic errors
resulting from misrepresentation. How functional roles do their explanatory work in actual scientific research examples is
shown by a detailed exploration of model assumptions about homing performances based on path integration mechanisms in humans
and animals.
相似文献
Mark MayEmail: |
16.
Rommetveit K 《Theoretical medicine and bioethics》2008,29(2):103-120
In this article I consider some central aspects of the naturalist philosophy of science and science and technology studies
in dealing with the contested status of technoscience in medicine. Focusing on the concepts of realism and representation,
I argue that theories of science-as-practice in naturalist philosophy of science should expand their scope so as to reflect
more thoroughly on the social and political context of technoscience. I develop a hermeneutic of technomedical objects in
order to highlight the internal connectedness between social action, material agency, and the actions of scientific communities.
The framework thus developed is used to re-consider the genomic turn in medicine. Pointing to the discrepancies between socially
dominant representations of genomic technology and the actual interventions brought about through those technologies, I raise
the question of how and where to address problems of theory and policy.
相似文献
Kjetil RommetveitEmail: |
17.
Richard Menary 《Topoi》2009,28(1):31-43
Naturalistic philosophers ought to think that the mind is continuous with the rest of the world and should not, therefore,
be surprised by the findings of the extended mind, cognitive integration and enactivism. Not everyone is convinced that all
mental phenomena are continuous with the rest of the world. For example, intentionality is often formulated in a way that
makes the mind discontinuous with the rest of the world. This is a consequence of Brentano’s formulation of intentionality,
I suggest, and can be overcome by revealing that the concept of intentional directedness as he receives it from the Scholastics
is quite consistent with the continuity thesis. It is only when intentional directedness is conjoined with intentional inexistence
that intentionality and content are consistent with a discontinuity thesis (such as Brentano’s thesis). This makes room to
develop an account of intentional directedness that is consistent with the continuity thesis in the form of Peirce’s representational
principle. I also argue against a form of the discontinuity thesis in the guise of the derived/underived content distinction.
Having shown that intentionality is consistent with the continuity thesis I argue that we should focus on intentionality and
representation as bodily enacted. I conclude that we would be better off focussing on representation and intentionality in
action rather than giving abstract functional accounts of extended cognition.
相似文献
Richard MenaryEmail: |
18.
Tool use and the distalization of the end-effector 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Michael A. Arbib James B. Bonaiuto Stéphane Jacobs Scott H. Frey 《Psychological research》2009,73(4):441-462
We review recent neurophysiological data from macaques and humans suggesting that the use of tools extends the internal representation
of the actor’s hand, and relate it to our modeling of the visual control of grasping. We introduce the idea that, in addition
to extending the body schema to incorporate the tool, tool use involves distalization of the end-effector from hand to tool. Different tools extend the body schema in different ways, with a displaced visual target and a novel, task-specific processing
of haptic feedback to the hand. This distalization is critical in order to exploit the unique functional capacities engendered
by complex tools.
相似文献
Michael A. ArbibEmail: |
19.
Elaheh Hejazi Mehrnaz Shahraray Masomeh Farsinejad Ali Asgary 《Social Psychology of Education》2009,12(1):123-135
The purpose of this study was to assess the mediating effect of self-efficacy on the relationship between identity styles
and academic achievement. Four-hundred high school students (200 male, 200 female) who were selected through cluster random
sampling, completed the Revised Identity Styles Inventory (ISI, 6G) and Morgan-Jink Student Efficacy Scales (MJSES). Path
analysis was used to analyze the data. In general, the results indicated that informational identity style had a positive
direct impact on academic achievement, while diffuse/avoidance identity style had a negative effect on academic achievement.
Data also suggested that informational and normative identity style had a positive influence on academic achievement through
the mediation of academic self-efficacy.
相似文献
Elaheh HejaziEmail: |
20.
Mark Alfano 《Erkenntnis》2009,70(2):271-281
In this paper it is argued that sensitivity theory suffers from a fatal defect. Sensitivity theory is often glossed as: (1)
S knows that p only if S would not believe that p if p were false. As Nozick showed in his pioneering work on sensitivity
theory, this formulation needs to be supplemented by a further counterfactual condition: (2) S knows that p only if S would
believe p if p were true. Nozick further showed that the theory needs a qualification on the method used to form the belief.
However, when these complications are spelled out in detail, it becomes clear that the two counterfactuals are in irresolvable
tension. To jibe with the externalist intuitions that motivate sensitivity theory in the first place, (1) needs a fine-grained
grouping of belief-formation methods, but (2) needs coarse-grained grouping. It is therefore suggested that sensitivity theory
is in dire straits: either its proponents need to provide a workable principle of method individuation or they must retrench
and give up their claims to providing sufficient conditions for knowledge.
相似文献
Mark AlfanoEmail: |