ISSUES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY IN THE U.S.A.

All States in the U.S.A. license or certify psychologists. The basic degree for licensure/certification is a doctoral degree. Licensure/certification is usually generic but various other forms of specific credentialling in Clinical Psychology are possible. Most health insurance schemes provide payment for psychological services, though not invariably on a fully independent basis. The major instrument in achieving this recognition has been ‘freedom of choice’ legislation. It is maintained that the three issues of credentialling, licensure/certification, and receipt of third-party/insurance payments are highly interdependent.     

STUDIES IN PERSONALITY. II

Experimentally determined fixation-ambivalence measures are related to some anxiety estimates obtained from a projective test in a group of male adolescents. It is shown that (i) fixation increases with increase in corporal injury anxiety when ambivalence is kept constant, (ii) ambivalence increases with increase in separation anxiety when fixation is kept constant, (iii) extremely hetero-fixated subjects show presence of intense guilt and absence of aggression towards the mother; one effect of this system of organizers seem to be suicidal tendencies, (iv) extremely ambivalent subjects have intense separation anxiety; one effect seems to be suicidal tendencies combined with high ambition and impaired cognitive capacity.     

美国认知发展研究近况简介

作者于1983年8、9月间在美国参加了中美两国心理学学术交流会,并参观访问了十七个研究机构和学术团体。本文对美国在解悟认知、数学和自然科学的认知、阅读和语文学习、社会认知发展、对婴儿的研究、计算机的应用等方面的部分研究情况作一简要介绍,目的只在于提供一些参考的线索。