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1.
Existing research applying the personal wellbeing index (PWI) in China is restricted to urban and rural samples. There are
no studies for Chinese off-farm migrants. The specific aims of this study are: (a) ascertain whether Chinese off-farm are
satisfied with their lives; (b) investigate the equivalence of the PWI in terms of its psychometric properties; and (c) examine
whether the responses to the PWI from participants falls within the normative range predicted by the Theory of Subjective
Wellbeing Homeostasis. The PWI demonstrated good psychometric performance in terms of its reliability and validity and was
consistent with previous studies for Western and non-Western samples. The data revealed a moderate level of subjective well-being
(PWI score = 62.6). While Chinese off-farm migrants lead hard lives, the PWI was within the normative range predicted for
Chinese societies by the Theory of Subjective Wellbeing Homeostasis. A likely explanation for this finding rests with the
circular nature of migration in China. When China’s off-farm migrants find it too difficult to cope in the cities, most have
the fallback position that they can return to their homes in the countryside. This option provides an external buffer to minimize
the inherent challenges of life which would otherwise impinge on the life satisfaction of China’s off-farm migrants. 相似文献
2.
Khadija Shams 《Journal of Happiness Studies》2016,17(6):2213-2236
Drawing on unique survey data for rural Pakistan, we estimate a happiness model to explore to what extent an economic perspective adds to our understanding of subjective wellbeing poverty. The data elicits information on subjective well-being in general and particularly on financial well-being in terms of household’s happiness with the current income or expenditure. We find that the well-being approach closely depicts the idea of well-being poverty in terms of the level education, health and income which matter significantly. Moreover unlike developed nations this study suggests a positive impact of children on well-being and poverty due to their productive contribution. As studies employing good data from developing countries are rare, this paper can potentially make a good contribution to the existing happiness literature, with special reference to Pakistan. Secondly, it brings new and strong empirical evidence to alternative approaches to subjective well-being poverty. 相似文献
3.
Vani K. Borooah 《Journal of Happiness Studies》2006,7(4):427-465
Using data on over 3000 individuals in Northern Ireland, this paper conducts an econometric investigation into what makes people happy. It draws a distinction between “objective” (income, marital status) and “subjective” (satisfaction with one’s standard of living (SoL); money worries; experience of poverty) factors determining happiness. In so doing, it takes a broader view of “economic status” than one defined solely by income: occupational class, mortgage status, financial worries, rural/urban residence, poverty experience, and, of course, income coalesce to form this, more complex, concept of economic status. Juxtaposed against this, is the concept of “context-free” and “context-specific” well-being. A particular example of the latter is the degree of satisfaction with one’s SoL and an important point of focus of the paper is the relationship between SoL satisfaction and happiness. A complementary point of focus is an analysis of the determinants of context-free and context-specific well-being. The paper also examines the effects of non-economic factors on happiness in particular on specific aspects of the ill-health of respondents and upon the quality of the areas in which they live. Having analysed these effects, it places a money value on each of the diversity of effects that act upon a person’s level of happiness.The analysis in this paper is based on the Poverty and Social Exclusion in Northern Ireland (PSENI) Project’s data and I am grateful to the Project leaders – Paddy Hillyard, Eithne McLaughlin and Mike Tomlinson – for permission to use these data. Thanks are due to Andrew Oswald, to one of the Editors of JOHS, and to two anonymous referees for their valuable comments. Needless to say, the usual disclaimer applies. 相似文献
4.
Although Bangladesh is known as one of the poorest and most densely populated countries in the world, qualitative research
and anecdotal evidence suggests its people report levels of happiness that are higher than those found in many other countries.
This includes ‘developed’ countries where people have larger per capita incomes and can access a wider range of public services
and goods. The paper explores this apparent paradox by analysing primary quantitative and qualitative data, and engaging with
existing literature on happiness and objective wellbeing in Bangladesh. The data and analysis presented makes an original
and timely contribution to the limited knowledge we have of the construction and experience of happiness and life satisfaction
in contexts of extreme and persistent economic poverty. It identifies and offers insights into the ‘personal’ as well as social
or ‘relational’ values and goals that people in Bangladesh consider important to achieve happiness in life. It also reflects
on how different people experience these values and goals in very different ways. This, we argue, leads to a better understanding
of the influence of the social and cultural context in the construction of people’s happiness. In the conclusion, we reflect
on the policy implications of our findings.
相似文献
Laura CamfieldEmail: |
5.
This paper presents a number of apparent anomalies in rational choice scenarios, and their translation into the logic of everyday
reasoning. Three classes of examples that have been discussed in the context of probabilistic choice since the 1960s (by Debreu,
Tversky and others) are analyzed in a non-probabilistic setting. It is shown how they can at the same time be regarded as
logical problems that concern the drawing of defeasible inferences from a given information base. I argue that initial appearances
notwithstanding, these cases should not be classed as instances of irrationality in choice or reasoning. One way of explaining
away their apparent oddity is to view certain aspects of these examples as making particular options salient. The decision
problems in point can then be solved by ‘picking’ these options, although they could not have been ‘chosen’ in a principled
way, due to ties or incomparabilities with alternative options. 相似文献
6.
Victoria Reyes-García Ronnie Babigumira Aili Pyhälä Sven Wunder Francisco Zorondo-Rodríguez Arild Angelsen 《Journal of Happiness Studies》2016,17(2):773-791
A commonality in the economics of happiness literature is that absolute income matters more for the subjective wellbeing of people at low income levels. In this article, we use a large sample of people in rural areas of developing countries with relatively low income levels to test whether subjective wellbeing an increasing function of absolute income in our sample, and to analyze the existence of adaptation and social comparison effects on subjective wellbeing. Our sample includes 6,973 rural households in 23 countries throughout Asia, Africa, and Latin America. The average total income per adult equivalent in our sample was US$ 1555, whereas levels of subjective wellbeing resembled levels found in previous research using cross-country data. We find that, despite low levels of absolute income, levels of subjective wellbeing of our respondents resemble levels found in previous research using cross-country data. We also find remarkable similarities in many of the determinants of subjective wellbeing previously tested. Our data show that absolute income covariates with subjective wellbeing, but—as for richer samples—the magnitude of the association is lower once we control for adaptation and social comparison. Finally, our results suggest that social comparison has a stronger effect than adaptation in explaining the subjective wellbeing of our sample. Our findings highlight the importance of adaptation and social comparison even at low levels of absolute income. 相似文献
7.
Laura Camfield Monica Guillen-Royo Jackeline Velazco 《Journal of Happiness Studies》2010,11(4):497-516
The paper uses qualitative and quantitative data collected by the Wellbeing in Developing Countries ESRC research group in
Bangladesh and Thailand to explore the extent to which objective need deprivation predicts subjective and psychological wellbeing,
controlling for location, socio-economic status, and gender. The regression analysis is triangulated with qualitative analysis
of three illustrative case studies to explore why people experiencing great need deprivation nevertheless report high subjective
and psychological wellbeing and propose factors that might support their resilience. The paper reports perhaps unsurprisingly
that need deprivation was lower in Thailand than Bangladesh, and subjective and psychological wellbeing higher, with the exception
of life satisfaction which was higher in Bangladesh. While goal attainment was significantly associated with affect and life
satisfaction in both countries, in Thailand life satisfaction and goal attainment were negatively correlated (−.334), so the
more goals respondents felt they had attained, the less satisfied they were. These apparent anomalies are explored further
using data from the case studies. The findings confirm that although measures of subjective and psychological wellbeing are
correlated, they are not substitutable. For example, subjective wellbeing, especially positive affect, is more influenced
by need deprivation than psychological wellbeing, while psychological wellbeing is more influenced by demographic factors,
especially in Thailand. Finally, the paper discusses whether the distinct relationships of subjective and psychological wellbeing
with need deprivation and income have any implications for policymakers. 相似文献
8.
Abdolmohammad Kazemipur Shiva Halli 《Journal of International Migration and Integration》2000,1(1):85-100
The rise of poverty among industrial nations including Canada since the late 1980s has resulted in a higher number of neighbourhoods with a high poverty rate, which in turn has led to an increase in the occurrence of other social ills such as poor educational and health care services, high crime, and high unemployment rates. The combination of these social ills and the social isolation experienced by those in extremely poor neighbourhoods has given rise to a particular lifestyle and subculture, closely related to Lewis’ (1971) notion of the culture of poverty. An examination of 1996 census tract data in Canada shows that immigrants are more likely than non-immigrants to live in neighbourhoods with high rates of poverty. We argue that such an overrepresentation can have serious consequences for the process of integration of immigrants, as it acts as an invisible barrier to their economic success, and can hamper their children’s ambitions. 相似文献
9.
Eva Johansson 《Studies in Philosophy and Education》2008,27(1):33-47
This article is about young children’s morality and their concern for others’ wellbeing. Questions of what the value of others’
wellbeing can signify, how this value becomes visible to children and how it is expressed in their interaction will be posed.
In this analysis, children’s commitment to others’ wellbeing is discussed in terms of two theories, namely the philosopher
Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s (1962, 1964) theory of intersubjectivity and the psychologist Martin Hoffman’s (1984, 1987, 2000)
theory of empathy. The interaction between children and adults in pre-school, drawn from different studies of morality (Johansson,
1999, 2001, 2002, 2003), constitutes the empirical basis. In the discussion, it is claimed that children’s care for others’
wellbeing can be understood in a fruitful way as experiences of, approaches to and ways of being involved in the other’s life-world
rather than as expressions of empathy.
相似文献
Eva JohanssonEmail: |
10.
ABSTRACTThis article provides a Global South perspective on marginalised migrant youth and higher educational aspirations, with a specific focus on South Africa. We use data from a case study in Johannesburg to illustrate how marginalised migrant youth experience particular forms of disadvantage in their endeavours to realise their educational aspirations. Yet, educational opportunities and the achievement of educational aspirations may enhance dimensions important for individual wellbeing. Through education, marginalised migrant youth become better positioned to pursue what they have reason to value, including escaping poverty in both their home and host countries. Using the human development and capability lens, the paper also presents what the disadvantages experienced by marginalised migrant youth may mean for human development. We argue that constrained educational aspirations can result in corrosive disadvantage and ultimately systemic poverty. We conclude the paper by highlighting how the capability approach (CA) could be used to inform social and educational policies in contexts of marginalisation. 相似文献
11.
A growing body of literature has examined the determinants of childhood obesity, but little is known about children’s subjective
wellbeing. To fulfill this gap, this paper examines the effects of fast food and soft drink consumption on children’s overweight
and unhappiness. Using a nationwide survey data in Taiwan and estimating a simultaneous mixed equation system, our results
generally suggest a tradeoff in policy implication. Fast food and soft drink consumption tend to be positively associated
with children’s increased risk of being overweight but they are also negatively associated with their degree of unhappiness.
Current and future policy/program interventions that aim to decrease fast food and soft drinks consumption of children to
reduce childhood obesity may be more effective if these interventions also focus on ways that could compensate the increase
in degree of unhappiness among children. 相似文献
12.
A Question of Balance or Blind Faith?: Scientists’ and Science Policymakers’ Representations of the Benefits and Risks of Nanotechnologies 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
In recent years, in the UK and elsewhere, scientists and science policymakers have grappled with the question of how to reap
the benefits of nanotechnologies while minimising the risks. Having recognised the importance of public support for future
innovations, they have placed increasing emphasis on ‘engaging’ ‘the public’ during the early phase of technology development.
Meaningful engagement suggests some common ground between experts and lay publics in relation to the definition of nanotechnologies
and of their benefits and risks. However, views on nanotechnologies are likely to vary according to where actors stand in
the technology production/consumption/assessment cycle. Drawing on data from a recent UK-based study, this article examines
how scientists (‘upstream’ and ‘downstream’) and policymakers portray the benefits and risks of nanotechnologies, particularly
as they relate to two major areas of predicted application, namely medicine/public health and environmental sustainability.
The findings reveal that, in the main, scientists and science policymakers held a positive conception of nanotechnologies
and see imminent applications, although they acknowledged particular risks, including adverse public reaction. While definitions
of ‘benefit’ and ‘risk’ varied, most saw the benefits as outweighing the risks and believed that the risks could be adequately
regulated once they were assessed. The difficulties of assessing risk, however, were acknowledged. The study raises a number
of questions that will need to be addressed if regulations are to be developed that not only protect people’s heath and wellbeing
and the environment but also engender public trust in nanotechnologies.
相似文献
Alison Anderson (Corresponding author)Email: |
13.
Existing research about subjective wellbeing (SWB) in China is confined to student and urban samples, even though 60% of the
population reside in rural areas. It is reasonable to predict that there could be a rural-urban difference in SWB as there
is a marked difference in objective (socio-economic) measures of wellbeing. The present study measured SWB within a sample
of Chinese peasants living in a remote farming village. The results show that despite their relatively low socioeconomic conditions,
the rural residents’ satisfaction levels were within the normative range for the Chinese population, and generally did not
differ significantly from a previously published study in an affluent Chinese region (Hong Kong). In-depth interviews with
participants revealed that the lower living conditions in the rural area are not adverse to drive SWB below the normative
range.
相似文献
Gareth DaveyEmail: |
14.
Bryan Pickel 《Philosophical Studies》2010,147(2):193-211
I defend the view that ordinary objects like statues are identical to the pieces of matter from which they are made. I argue
that ordinary speakers assert sentences such as ‘this statue is a molded piece of clay’. This suggests that speakers believe
propositions which entail that ordinary objects such as statues are the pieces matter from which they are made, and therefore
pluralism contradicts ordinary beliefs. The dominant response to this argument purports to find an ambiguity in the word ‘is’,
such that ‘is’ in these sentences means the same as ‘constitutes or is constituted by’. I will use standard tests for ambiguity
to argue that this strategy fails. I then explore and reject other responses to the argument. 相似文献
15.
Dr. SUE OUTRAM VIBEKE HANSEN GAIL MACDONELL JILL DEIDRE COCKBURN JON ADAMS 《Australian psychologist》2009,44(2):128-135
Post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in veterans is well documented, less so the long‐term impact on the health of their partners and families. The perceived health and wellbeing of women partners of Australian Vietnam veterans who were members of partners of veterans support groups is reported. This qualitative study used data from 76 participants in 10 focus groups in metropolitan, regional, and rural and remote areas of New South Wales (NSW). The data were tape‐recorded, transcribed and thematically analysed using constant comparison methods. The impact of living with a partner with war‐related PTSD appears to be significant and ongoing with women drawing parallels to living in a war zone. The biggest negative impact was on their mental health. They felt burdened as carers and struggled to find explanations for their husbands' problems. Support groups were very helpful. There are implications for partners of veterans who have returned from active military duty and from peacekeeping in current conflicts. 相似文献
16.
Based on findings from prior research on the relation between monetary income and subjective wellbeing, researchers have argued that income might relate to subjective wellbeing only until reaching a consumption satiation point where all basic needs are met; beyond this threshold income would not increase wellbeing. We explore this idea by analyzing a panel data set (2002–2010) collected among 982 Tsimane’, a society of largely self-sufficient foragers and farmers in the Bolivian Amazon. Subjective wellbeing is measured through four self-reported emotions: happiness, anger, fear, and sadness. As Tsimane’ mostly satisfy their basic needs through subsistence activities, if the argument above holds true, then we should not find any association between income and subjective wellbeing. Results from ordered logistic regressions suggest, however, that—even in this relatively autarkic society—income bears a positive relation with happiness and fear, although it does not seem to be associated with sadness and anger. The magnitude of the income coefficients is small compared to the variables that proxy success in subsistence activities and frequency of social interactions. In the studied society, the relation between income and happiness is likely caused by socio-psychological effects, like status gains, and not by the acquisition of material goods. In a context where wellbeing is mostly derived from success in subsistence activities and social relations, if the pursuit of income generating activities deprives individuals from devoting time to these, then income might, in fact come at a cost in terms of subjective wellbeing. 相似文献
17.
Mariano Rojas 《Applied research in quality of life》2009,4(2):179-199
This paper questions the assumption used in designing social policies that raising people’s income automatically translates
into greater well-being. Based on a subjective well-being approach and a representative survey from Costa Rica the paper shows
that there is substantial dissonance in the classification of persons as poor and as being in well-being deprivation. The
existence of dissonances leads to the conceptualization of different trajectories out-of-poverty and into well-being. Public
policies oriented towards the abatement of income poverty can have a greater impact on people’s well-being if they recognize
the complexity of human beings and acknowledge that their programs affect satisfaction in all domains of life. The paper states
that public policy should not only be concerned with getting people out of income poverty, but also with placing them in a
life-satisfying situation. The paper also discusses strategies that could improve poverty-abatement programs. 相似文献
18.
Nick Tosh 《Philosophia》2008,36(4):465-482
Historians must be sensitive to the alienness of the past. Insofar as they are concerned with their actors’ reasoning, they
must (through open-minded empirical investigation) find out how their actors thought, and not assume that they thought like us. This is familiar historiographical advice, but pushed
too far it can be brought to conflict with rather weak assumptions about what historians must presuppose if they are to interpret
their actors at all. The present paper sketches those assumptions, and argues that the influential ‘Strong Program’ in the
Sociology of Scientific Knowledge (SSK) falls foul of them. We do not argue from the correctness of the assumptions to the
falsity of SSK. Rather, we note the incompatibility, and then show how SSK theorists’ tendency to take interpretation for granted blinds them—and perhaps their readers—to the existence of the conflict.
相似文献
Nick ToshEmail: |
19.
In eye-tracking research, there is almost always a disparity between a person’s actual gaze location and the location recorded
by the eye tracker. Disparities that are constant over time are systematic error. In this article, we propose an error correction
method that can reliably reduce systematic error and restore fixations to their true locations. We show that the method is
reliable when the visual objects in the experiment are arranged in an irregular manner—for example, when they are not on a
grid in which all fixations can be shifted to adjacent locations using the same directional adjustment. The method first calculates
the disparities between fixations and their nearest objects. It then uses the annealed mean shift algorithm to find the mode
of the disparities. The mode is demonstrated to correctly capture the magnitude and direction of the systematic error so that
it can be removed. This article presents the method, an extended demonstration, and a validation of the method’s efficacy. 相似文献
20.
Kishore RR 《Science and engineering ethics》2006,12(1):175-183
Almost all ethical guidelines and legislative policies concerning biomedical research involving human subjects contain provisions
about relevance of research for the participating populations, informed consent, adequate care for research induced injuries
and several other safeguards but the poor continue to suffer. Globalization has further aggravated poor people’s vulnerability
by exposing them to international markets. Since the developing countries are abode of higher population of the poor they
have become the unholy mines of this human ore for researchers. In this paper I examine various dimensions of poverty and
analyze the international ethical responses in the area of biomedical research involving human subjects in order to determine
their adequacy to protect the poor against exploitation and misuse and conclude that in view of the poor’s inherent and extreme
vulnerability and the failure of ethical pronouncements to protect them from misuse and exploitation, they should be excluded
from being enrolled as research subjects
This paper was presented at the 6th International Bioethics Conference on the subject of ‘The Responsible Conduct of Basic
and Clinical Research’, held in Warsaw, Poland, 3–4 June 2005. 相似文献