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1.
Here, we demonstrate that the decision to conform to another person’s memory involves a strategic trade-off that balances
the accuracy of one’s own memory against that of another person. We showed participants three household scenes, one for 30 s,
one for 60 s, and one for 120 s. Half were told that they would encode each scene for half as long as their virtual partner,
and half were told that they would encode each scene for twice as long as their virtual partner. On a subsequent two-alternative-forced
choice (2AFC) memory test, the simulated answer of the partner (accurate, errant, or no response) was shown before participants
responded. Conformity to the partner’s responses was significantly enhanced for the 30-s versus the 60- and 120-s scenes.
This pattern, however, was present only in the group who believed that they had encoded each scene for half as long as their
partner, even though the short-duration scene had the lowest baseline 2AFC accuracy in both groups and was also subjectively
rated as the least memorable by both groups. Our reliance on other people’s memory is therefore dynamically and strategically
adjusted according to knowledge of the conditions under which we and other people have acquired different memories. 相似文献
2.
Living in complex social systems requires perceptual and cognitive capacities for the recognition of group membership and
individual competitors. Olfaction is one means by which this can be achieved. Many animals can identify individual proteins
in urine, skin secretions, or saliva by scent. Additionally, marking behaviour in several mammals and especially in horses
indicates the importance of sniffing conspecifics’ faeces for olfactory recognition. To test this hypothesis, we conducted
two separate experiments: Experiment 1 addressed the question of whether horses can recognise the group membership of other
horses by sniffing their faeces. The horses were presented with four faecal samples: (1) their own, (2) those of other members
of their own group, (3) those of unfamiliar mares, and (4) those of unfamiliar geldings. Experiment two was designed to assess
whether horses can identify the group member from whom a faecal sample came. Here, we presented two groups of horses with
faecal samples from their group mates in random distribution. As controls, soil heaps and sheep faecal samples were used.
In experiment one, horses distinguished their own from their conspecifics’ faeces, but did not differentiate between familiarity
and sex. In experiment two, the horses from both groups paid most attention to the faeces of the horses from which they received
the highest amount of aggressive behaviours. We therefore suggest that horses of both sexes can distinguish individual competitors
among their group mates by the smell of their faeces. 相似文献
3.
Mikel Burley 《International Journal for Philosophy of Religion》2010,67(2):81-94
This paper examines Wittgenstein’s conception of absolute safety in the light of two potential problems exposed by Winch.
These are that, firstly: even if someone’s life has been virtuous so far, the contingency of its remaining so until death
vitiates the claim that the virtuous person cannot be harmed; and secondly: when voiced from a first-person standpoint, the claim to be absolutely safe due to one’s virtuousness
appears hubristic and self-undermining. I argue that Wittgenstein’s mystical conception of safety, unlike some others, requires
no claim about one’s own virtue and hence can be construed as avoiding these problems. 相似文献
4.
Social referencing is the seeking of information from another individual to form one’s own understanding and guide action.
In this study, adult dogs were tested in a social referencing paradigm involving their owner and a potentially scary object.
Dogs received either a positive or negative message from the owner. The aim was to evaluate the presence of referential looking
to the owner, behavioural regulation based on the owner’s (vocal and facial) emotional message and observational conditioning
following the owner’s actions towards the object. Most dogs (83%) looked referentially to the owner after looking at the strange
object, thus they appear to seek information about the environment from the human, but little differences were found between
dogs in the positive and negative groups as regards behavioural regulation: possible explanations for this are discussed.
Finally, a strong effect of observational conditioning was found with dogs in the positive group moving closer to the fan
and dogs in the negative group moving away, both mirroring their owner’s behaviour. Results are discussed in relation to studies
on human–dog communication, attachment and social learning. 相似文献
5.
Radu J. Bogdan 《Synthese》2007,159(2):235-251
6.
“Three generations under one roof” is an old Chinese saying used to describe a desired living arrangement. The traditional
concept of happiness for a Chinese elderly person is being able to “play with grandchildren with candy in mouth, enjoy life
with no cares.” In a fast-changing economy like China, how does society, especially the elderly themselves, view these traditional
values? Using the 2005 Chinese General Social Survey, we study the determinants of happiness of the Chinese elderly. We are
particularly interested in whether living with their child and whether living with their grandchild affect the happiness of
the elderly. An important empirical concern is that unobserved permanent income may affect both the living arrangements of
the elderly and their level of happiness. We include property ownership variables as proxies and also adopt an instrument
variable approach to identify the causal relationship between the elderly’s happiness and their living arrangements. We find
that, conditional on living with a grandchild, living with one’s child has a negative effect on the elderly’s happiness. Furthermore,
elderly Chinese who live with grandchildren are associated with a much higher degree of happiness than their counterparts. 相似文献
7.
Purushottama Bilimoria 《Sophia》2008,47(3):359-376
Nietzsche represents in an interesting way the well-worn Western approach to Asian philosophical and religious thinking: initial
excitement, then neglect by appropriation, and swift rejection when found to be incompatible with one’s own tradition, whose
roots are inexorably traced back to the ‘ancient’ Greeks. Yet, Nietzsche’s philosophical critique and methods - such as ‘perspectivism’
- offer an instructive route through which to better understand another tradition even if the sole purpose of this exercise
is to perceive one’s own limitations through the eyes of the other: a self-destruktion of sorts. To help correct this shortcoming and begin the long overdue task of even-handed dialogue - or contemporary comparative
philosophy - we will be served well by looking at Nietzsche’s mistakes, which in turn informed the tragic critic of the West
of the last century, Martin Heidegger. We may learn here not to cast others in one’s own troubled image; and not to reverse
cultural icons: Europe’s Superman, and Asia’s Buddha.
相似文献
Purushottama BilimoriaEmail: |
8.
When experiencing aggression from group members, chimpanzees commonly produce screams. These agonistic screams are graded
signals and vary acoustically as a function of the severity of aggression the caller is facing. We conducted a series of field
playback experiments with a community of wild chimpanzees in the Budongo Forest, Uganda, to determine whether individuals
could meaningfully distinguish between screams given in different agonistic contexts. We compared six subjects’ responses
to screams given in response to severe and mild aggression. Subjects consistently discriminated between the two scream types.
To address the possibility that the response differences were driven directly by the screams’ peripheral acoustic features,
rather than any attached social meaning, we also tested the subjects’ responses to tantrum screams. These screams are given
by individuals that experienced social frustration, but no physical threat, yet acoustically they are very similar to screams
of victims of severe aggression. We found chimpanzees looked longer at severe victim screams than either mild victim screams
or tantrum screams. Our results indicate that chimpanzees attend to the informational content of screams and are able to distinguish
between different scream variants, which form part of a graded continuum. 相似文献
9.
10.
This study examined self-recognition processing in both the auditory and visual modalities by determining how comparable hearing a recording of one’s own voice was to seeing photograph of one’s own face. We also investigated whether the simultaneous presentation of auditory and visual self-stimuli would either facilitate or inhibit self-identification. Ninety-one participants completed reaction-time tasks of self-recognition when presented with their own faces, own voices, and combinations of the two. Reaction time and errors made when responding with both the right and left hand were recorded to determine if there were lateralization effects on these tasks. Our findings showed that visual self-recognition for facial photographs appears to be superior to auditory self-recognition for voice recordings. Furthermore, a combined presentation of one’s own face and voice appeared to inhibit rather than facilitate self-recognition and there was a left-hand advantage for reaction time on the combined-presentation tasks. 相似文献
11.
Increases in self-attention as a function of decreases in the relative size of one’s subgroup in a heterogeneous group context
have been shown to result in increased regulation of behavior toward social (normative) standards for behavior. The present
study demonstrated increased regulation of behavior toward a personal standard for behavior as a function of variations in
group composition. One hundred twenty-five subjects individually completed the Creativity subscale of Scott’s Personal Value
Scale assessing attitudes toward originality. They then completed a word-association task in groups ranging in size from 2
to 8. Originality of word-associations was determined by reference to previously established word-association norms and norms
based on frequency of responses given in the present study. Results indicate that originality in responses increase as the
relative size of one’s own subgroup decreases (indexing increases in self-attention) for subjects who value originality. Discussion
centers on the distinction between experimentally manipulated public and private self-attention and standards that are adopted
for behavioral self-regulation.
Portions of this study were presented at the annual meeting of the Eastern Psychological Association, New York, April 1991. 相似文献
12.
Social monitoring has been hypothesized to be an important component of primate social behavior. If the gaze direction of
one animal can redirect the gaze of another, visual scanning of conspecifics can provide a more efficient means of locating
food or predators than directly scanning the entire nonsocial environment. Social monitoring also allows distance regulation
between members of a group, reducing the likelihood of agonistic encounters. Although assessment of gaze direction in freely
moving primates is problematic, we were successful in assessing amounts of visual scanning among adult females of a captive,
socially housed group of patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas) using a focal sampling technique with on-the-dot recording (5-s sampling intervals). In study 1, relative amounts of scanning
were assessed as subjects gazed at any other member of the group. Percentages of agreement between observers ranged from 80%
to 92%, with corresponding κ values ranging from 0.74 to 0.92. In study 2, relative amounts of visual scanning were assessed
so that specific targets of gaze were identified. The resultant data supported a long-standing prediction about the role of
social monitoring in primate group dynamics. Lower-ranking animals gazed toward higher-ranking animals more often than vice
versa. Although the specific cues eliciting social monitoring remain to be determined, visual attention in this social primate
group appeared to be systematically related to hierarchical ranks, assessed by displacements. Minimally, these results suggest
that patas monkeys structure their visual attention based on previous encounters with other members of their social group.
While simple discrimination learning could account for these results, the demonstration of a systematic relationship between
visual attention and primate social dynamics is relevant to current discussions of a primate’s understanding of conspecific
gaze direction.
Received: 26 January 1998 / Accepted after revision: 29 March 1998 相似文献
13.
In the present study, we examined whether children and older adults exhibit an own-age face recognition bias. Participants
studied photographs of children, younger adults, middle-aged adults, and older adults and were administered a recognition
test. Results showed that both children and older adults more accurately recognized own-age faces than other-age faces. These
data suggest that individuals may acquire expertise for identifying faces from their own age group and are discussed in terms
of Sporer’s (2001) in-group/out-group model of face recognition. 相似文献
14.
Lemasson A Hausberger M Zuberbühler K 《Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983)》2005,119(2):220-229
Campbell's monkeys (Cercopithecus campbelli) frequently exchange vocalizations, the combined-harmonic calls, with individuals responding to one another's calls. Previous work has shown that these calls can be grouped into several structural variants. Adult females differ in their variant repertoires, which may change during their adult life, particularly after changes in the group composition. Playback of females' currently produced variants triggered vocal responses from other group members, whereas the same females' former, no longer used variants and those of stranger females never did. In contrast, former variants caused long-term cessation of vocal behavior, whereas stranger variants had no effect. Data showed that monkeys were able to distinguish between the different types of variants, indicating that these calls form part of a long-term social memory. 相似文献
15.
Brandt C. Gardner Dean M. Busby Brandon K. Burr Sarah E. Lyon 《Contemporary Family Therapy》2011,33(3):253-272
A large body of research has been devoted to the study of family-of-origin (FOO) experience influences on future relationship
outcomes and processes. In addition, substantial information exists regarding the role relationship attributions play in connection
with relationship quality and stability. Yet, limited information has been forthcoming regarding how the FOO experience has
an influence on attributions made in romantic relationships. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was employed to assess the
impact of the FOO experience on attributions made about one’s own communication and personality variables, as well as the
communication and personality variables of one’s partner from a sample of individuals who had completed the RELATionship Evaluation (N = 6,649). Results show evidence of a relationship between the FOO experience and the attributions made about oneself and
one’s partner. Results were particularly pronounced for the communication variables. Gender differences also were found. The
utility of study findings for couple and family researchers and practitioners is discussed. 相似文献
16.
Michael T. McFall 《Philosophia》2011,39(4):657-672
The decision to get married, as well as choosing whom to marry, is of the utmost importance to most people. This decision
consists of many amoral considerations, but an ethical relationship arises when a promise is made, especially a vow that binds
for a lifetime and affects oneself, one’s spouse, one’s children, and society. This essay provides an account of ideal romantic
marriage, arguing that John Stuart Mill’s On Liberty provides an excellent foundation for constructing such an account. Neither dead dogma nor living truth is a healthy model
for marriage, so a hybrid model of marriage, living dogma, is developed. The importance of the marital vow becomes apparent
as the living dogma account is revealed, and this examination yields a model for how to decide when and whom to marry. 相似文献
17.
Study 1 investigated the importance of human needs during peacetime in 1993 using a sample of 137 full-time workers in several
industries in the United States. Study 2 examined the importance of needs in 1990 (retrospective peacetime) and in 1991 (during
the Persian Gulf War)(both measured during the war) using a sample of 564 college students in the United States. In both studies,
two levels of needs (higher-order and lower-order needs) were identified during peacetime. Study 2 revealed that during the
war, all needs were rated as more important and only one factor was identified. During peacetime, the safety of one’s own
life was significantly more important than the safety of the country which was rated as the least important need. During the
war, the safety of the country was as important as the safety of one’s own life. Students who had spouse, family members,
and friends in the Middle East during Desert Storm differed significantly from those who did not in war-related stress and
the importance of several needs. 相似文献
18.
Wood and Cowan (1995) replicated and extended Moray’s (1959) investigation of thecocktail party phenomenon, which refers to a situation in which one can attend to only part of a noisy environment, yet highly pertinent stimuli such as one’s own name can suddenly capture attention. Both of these previous investigations have shown that approximately 33% of subjects report hearing their own name in an unattended, irrelevant message. Here we show that subjects who detect their name in the irrelevant message have relatively low working-memory capacities, suggesting that they have difficulty blocking out, or inhibiting, distracting information. 相似文献
19.
Claudia Welz 《Continental Philosophy Review》2010,43(2):267-285
This paper develops the thesis that personal identity is neither to be taken in terms of an unchanging self-sufficient ‘substance’
nor in terms of selfhood ‘without substance,’ i.e. as fluctuating processes of pure relationality and subject-less activity.
Instead, identity is taken as self-transformation that is bound to particular embodied individuals and surpasses them as individuated entities. The paper is structured in three parts. Part I describes the experiential givenness
of conflicts that support our sense of self-transformation. While the first part develops an inter-subjective topography of
emotional movements, the second part pays attention to their temporal dimension. We work with conflicts and get transformed
by them also in the way we remember them. Part II focuses on the process of self-understanding that accompanies conflicts
and their metamorphosis in memory. Part III compares and discusses different models of a ‘relational ontology’ of the person,
which question the idea that we are defined only by how we define ourselves—just as they question the idea that one’s identity
is independent of how one relates to one’s having changed. 相似文献
20.
Seth Lazar 《Res Publica》2009,15(3):289-304
This paper explicates a conception of injury as right-violation, which allows us to distinguish between setbacks to interests
that should, and should not, be the concern of theories of justice. It begins by introducing a hybrid theory of rights, grounded
in (a) the mobilisation of our moral equality to (b) protect our most important interests, and shows how violations of rights
are the concern of justice, while setbacks where one of the twin grounds of rights is defeated are not. It then looks more
closely at the substantive moral components of injury, namely harm—damage to one’s interests—and wrong—disrespect for one’s
moral equality. It argues that, on the hybrid conception of rights, harm and wrong are individually necessary and jointly
sufficient components of injury, and the disvalue of neither is reducible to the other—in particular, it is a mistake to construe
the disrespect identified by wrong as another damaged interest. Finally, it distinguishes between the public and private dimensions
of harm and wrong, and makes some preliminary suggestions as to whether the remedy for these different dimensions should lie
in criminal, distributive, or corrective justice. 相似文献