认知行为治疗的生物学机制

现阶段认知行为治疗的生物学机制尚不明确。本文将从脑功能、神经电生理、神经内分泌与免疫以及遗传与表观遗传这四个方面对认知行为治疗的生物学机制进行讨论, 综合心理、生理和遗传三方面的结果, 从微观、中间和宏观多层面提出了认知行为治疗生物学机制的整合模型。并进一步对目前研究的局限性进行了讨论, 为未来探究认知行为治疗的生物学机制提供了新的方向。     

神经振荡影响快速言语识别的时间瓶颈

大脑可以快速地加工信息以应对不断变化的环境,其典型范例之一是快速言语识别。自然言语的瓶颈速率约为8～12音节/秒,与神经振荡的alpha速率相近。此外,已有研究表明alpha振荡可以调控知觉过程的时间分辨率。那么,alpha振荡速率是否影响快速言语识别的时间瓶颈？其作用机制是什么？本研究利用心理物理学方法和认知神经科学方法,从现象和机制两个方面考察alpha振荡如何影响快速言语识别的时间瓶颈。在现象方面,本研究将验证快速言语识别的时间瓶颈与alpha振荡速率的一致性。在机制方面,本研究将研究alpha振荡速率如何影响快速言语识别的行为表现,又如何调控大脑对言语信号的神经加工过程。本研究希望找到快速言语识别的神经机制,从而更深入地理解大脑的快速加工过程,并进一步探讨神经振荡调控大脑时间分辨率的相关机制。     

大脑电刺激在听觉语言加工研究中的应用

大脑电刺激是历史悠久但近年来才广泛应用在人类被试上的实验技术。通过对颅内刺激位点进行电刺激, 并分析引发的暂时性行为功能变化和记录位点的电位活动, 大脑电刺激技术可以揭示认知加工过程中脑区内的功能作用与脑区间的有效连接。通过对听觉语言加工过程相关的丘脑、听觉皮层、高级语言皮层进行电刺激, 现有研究发现了各个脑区的不同功能特点以及不同脑区间的信息传递机制, 为进一步探索听觉语言加工的神经机制提供了新的视角。     

成人加工婴儿刺激材料的神经机制

婴儿刺激能迅速引起成人的注意和偏爱,这与人类大脑中特定的神经机制有关。这个特定的神经机制是成人有效地加工和回应婴儿需要的神经基础,它能够促进个体对婴儿产生亲社会行为,因此被称为"父母大脑"。本文综合婴儿刺激加工领域的研究,从研究范式、神经机制介绍以及影响该神经机制的调节因素这三个重要方面来介绍该领域研究。首先归纳被动加...     

社会认知神经科学研究范式述评

社会认知神经科学是社会科学和神经科学的交叉学科,其研究范式可以概括为三个研究层次和三种研究推论。三个研究层次分别是社会行为层次、信息加工层次和脑神经层次。三种研究推论为把社会行为现象归结为心理机制的心理推论,把心理机制归结为脑神经机制的机能推论,从心理机制或神经机制中推论社会行为的社会推论。在机能推论中,可以从三个维度区分三类脑神机制,即支持内源性和外源性加工的大脑内侧-外侧结构,支持自动化和控制性加工的大脑腹侧-背侧结构,支持高复杂性和低复杂性加工的大脑前部-后部结构。     

视知觉组织及其神经机制

物理世界通过光信号在我们的视网膜上反映为亮度和颜色的色块集合 ,但是大脑知觉到的却是排列有序的由分离的物体组成的视觉世界 ,其中各种不同的物体占据不同的位置 ,存在相互作用或相对运动。在知觉加工过程中 ,视觉系统必须首先把视觉输入组织成不同的部分以形成视觉加工的基本单元[1,2 ] ,心理学家把这一加工过程称为视知觉组织。视知觉组织是大脑进行图像识别、注意分配及记忆存储等高级加工过程的基础。因此 ,理解视知觉组织的认知和神经机制成为研究大脑认知功能的核心问题之一。本文介绍视知觉组织的基本问题和规律 ,特别是新近关于…     

消极情绪对优势认知加工的抑制

优势认知加工是大脑中指向当前任务的、主导的、可及性最高的信息加工过程。刻板印象与反刻板印象思维、整体加工与局部加工、关系加工与项目特异性加工、综合推理与分析推理、目标追求等认知领域的研究表明, 消极情绪会抑制优势认知加工。这种抑制作用受到优势认知加工的明确性、消极情绪的类型以及优势认知加工与消极情绪的联系三方面因素的影响。采用实验分离加工法与实验后分离加工法的研究显示, 消极情绪主要通过抑制自动加工过程来抑制优势认知加工。目前对消极情绪抑制优势认知加工的理论解释有情绪信息理论、趋近系统观和情绪具身观, 其中情绪信息理论被广泛接受。未来还需进一步明确优势认知加工的含义, 在准确描述该现象的同时, 深入挖掘其背后的机制。     

无意识信息引发的认知控制及其神经机制

对无意识信息引发的认知控制的研究是揭示意识的功能与局限的重要方法和步骤.在无意识认知控制研究中主要采用模式掩蔽和偏对比掩蔽创设无意识条件,使用客观测量方法对意识状态进行测量.作者从无意识抑制控制、无意识冲突控制和无意识错误加工三个方面回顾了近年对无意识认知控制及其神经机制的研究.已有研究从行为和认知神经研究两个方面强有力地证明了无意识认知控制的存在,揭示了其神经机制.这些研究拓展了人们对意识信息广度和深度的认识,也为未来进一步揭示意识的起源等问题奠定了一定的基础.未来的研究可以从无意识认知控制和有意识认知控制的相互转化等方面进行进一步研究.     

神经美学：探索审美与大脑的关系

神经美学采用神经科学的技术手段来探索审美的神经机制。本文从审美认知加工过程的角度来探讨审美的心理学原理及其神经机制。回顾了近年来神经美学取得的主要成果, 研究发现与审美加工相关的脑区主要涉及感知觉、运动、情绪以及奖赏等机能系统。神经美学的三个重要研究主题是真与美、离身认知与具身认知以及认知与情绪。未来研究应从时间维度来探讨审美体验的动态性, 从跨艺术形式以及跨文化的视角来探讨审美神经机制的普遍性。     

儿童执行功能与情绪调节

大脑执行功能是一种调节、控制、综合、分析个体心理过程和外显行为的认知神经机制。儿童的高级认知活动、社会性行为（同伴交往、攻击性行为）都受到执行功能发展水平的制约。研究者希望通过儿童执行功能的发展,了解整个执行系统的发展成熟过程,揭示执行控制机能的内在机制。同时,有研究者把执行控制这种认知神经机制和儿童的社会性行为包括自我控制、情绪调控等方面的发展结合起来研究,从中发现二者的联系。该文就这方面的核心问题以及研究成果进行了综述。     

Familiarity and environmental representations of a city: a self-report study

"Sense of direction" is usually assessed by self-report. Several internal factors contribute to proficiency in navigation: spatial cognitive style, respondent's sex, and familiarity with the environment; however, questionnaires assessing sense of direction do not include all these factors. In a recent study, Nori and Piccardi reported that environmental familiarity was crucial for topographical orientation. Regardless of a person's spatial cognitive style (i.e., landmark, route, or survey), the greater their familiarity with the environment, the better their performance. In this study, a questionnaire was used, the Familiarity and Spatial Cognitive Style Scale, to measure 208 women's sense of direction and knowledge of their city of residence. Analysis showed that Spatial Cognitive Style predicted sense of direction but not town knowledge. By contrast, familiarity played a crucial role in both areas, confirming the importance of having a tool to assess this factor.     

关于城市居民心理凝聚感与压力源关系的研究

使用问卷测试方式对城市居民的心理凝聚感和压力源之问的关系进行研究。结果发现,在7种压力源因子和压力源总分中,经济收支和工作压力、家庭生活事件、知识技能更新3个压力源因子和压力源总分在三个级别的心理凝聚感组之间存在显著差异,心理凝聚感水平高的被试,对外界工作生活事件产生了最低的压力评价。职业、经济收入不同的群体在心理凝聚感的得分上存在显著的差异,经济收入高的个体有较高的心理凝聚感。说明不同心理凝聚感水平的被试面对相同的工作生活压力,其压力认知评价存在差异。     

Sense of home buffers threats to the self

We hypothesised that sense of home serves as a buffer against self‐threat. In three experiments, we induced sense of home (vs. control) and assessed its buffering function to threat. Sense of home augmented openness to stereotype threat information (Experiment 1), increased performance on a spatial rotation ability test after stereotype threat (Experiment 2), and reduced the desire for high‐status products following mortality salience (Experiment 3). This “proof of concept” research establishes the buffering potential of sense of home and raises theoretical and practical implications.     

心理贫穷感对决策的影响

“贫穷感”是个体与金钱相关的、相对稳定的内心感受,包含不安全感、焦虑感、厌恶感、不满足感和金钱关注五个维度,用以描述个体与金钱相关的认知和情绪上的差异。其概念内涵由28位心理学专家和社会学专家共同界定。贫穷感自评量表是一个15题5点Likert量表。通过问卷法对420位社会人员测量发现,贫穷感与生命史Mini-K测量结果显著负相关。贫穷感越高的个体越倾向于生命史快策略。     

Is sense of coherence a mediator or moderator of relationships between violence at work and stress reactions?

The relationships between exposure to violence at work, sense of coherence, and stress reactions were analysed in a large sample of the Danish workforce. The results showed that employees subjected to violence have a weaker sense of coherence than the rest of the respondents. Sense of coherence acted as a mediator and not as a moderator of relationships between exposure to violence and psychological, psychosomatic and cognitive stress reactions. The stability of the sense of coherence construct is discussed. With respect to the relation between sense of coherence and violence, preventative measures at the individual and organizational level are suggested.     

主动控制感的测量及认知神经机制

主动控制感指预计动作和实际感觉反馈匹配会产生一种控制自己动作、作用于环境的主观体验, 是人类心理活动的基本特征之一。本文系统介绍主动控制感的测量方式, 尤其是主动动作的时间压缩效应这一内隐手段; 并从主观意识、动作的发生方式和动作结果特征三个方面探讨主动控制感的影响因素。基于动作的比较器模型, 解释主动控制感的产生原因; 并提供了主动控制感的认知神经脑机制的证据, 强调额叶和顶叶在主动控制感中的作用。未来研究应该更加注重外显与内隐测量的一致性, 特殊群体以及主动控制感的脑网络研究。     

中国人获得感的结构研究

获得感是一个具有心理内涵与时代特色的新生概念。为了探究获得感的结构内涵,通过自由联想法形成量表的初始项目,先后进行两次预测并根据结果修订量表。然后对量表进行正式施测并检验其信效度,同时采用中文版生活满意度量表和幸福倾向量表进行效标效度检验。结果显示,中国人的获得感是个体对获取自身需求满足的内容、实现途径与所需条件的认知评价以及在此过程中的心理体验,包括获得体验、获得环境、获得内容、获得途径和获得分享五个维度。信效度分析表明,编制的中国人获得感量表符合心理测量学的标准,可用于相关的社会心理研究与应用。     

The acquisition of vector knowledge and its relation to self-rated direction sense

Self-rated sense of direction is reliably related to people's accuracy when pointing in the direction of unseen landmarks from imagined or actual perspectives. It is proposed that the cognitive substrate of accurate pointing responses is a vector representation, which is defined as an integrated network of displacement vectors. Experiment 1 isolated the body senses and tested displacement vector formation in a path-integration task. Experiment 2 isolated the visual modality and tested displacement vector formation in a virtual-learning task. Both experiments tested whether people reporting a good sense of direction (GSOD) were more likely to compute displacement vectors than people reporting a poor sense of direction (PSOD). The results showed that both GSOD and PSOD people computed displacement vectors in the path-integration task, but not in the virtual-learning task. When interlandmark relations were visually specified, GSOD people made more accurate pointing responses than PSOD people, adding to a growing body of cognitive correlates of self-rated direction sense.     

Risk and Protective Factors for Children of Adolescents: Maternal Depression and Parental Sense of Competence

We investigated the relationship between depression and parental sense of competence to child cognitive outcomes for a sample of 49 adolescent mothers and their young children (Mean age=9 1/2 months) enrolled in a student parenting program. Cognitive development of the infants and toddlers was assessed using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. Maternal depression was assessed with the CES-D and parental competence measured with the Parental Sense of Competence Scale. Results indicated that maternal depression and parental sense of competence alone did not predict children’s cognitive scores; the interaction of the variables significantly predicted children’s outcomes. Mothers reporting high levels of depression, who self-reported high levels of parental competence, had children who scored higher on the Bayley. Children of mothers with high levels of depression, and low reported levels of competence scored lower on the Bayley. The relationship was not significant for mothers reporting low levels of depression. Our findings suggest additional research needs to focus on the buffering effect of parental sense of competence for adolescent mothers experiencing depression.     

Why do women opt out? Sense of belonging and women's representation in mathematics

Sense of belonging to math-one's feelings of membership and acceptance in the math domain-was established as a new and an important factor in the representation gap between males and females in math. First, a new scale of sense of belonging to math was created and validated, and was found to predict unique variance in college students' intent to pursue math in the future (Studies 1-2). Second, in a longitudinal study of calculus students (Study 3), students' perceptions of 2 factors in their math environment-the message that math ability is a fixed trait and the stereotype that women have less of this ability than men-worked together to erode women's, but not men's, sense of belonging in math. Their lowered sense of belonging, in turn, mediated women's desire to pursue math in the future and their math grades. Interestingly, the message that math ability could be acquired protected women from negative stereotypes, allowing them to maintain a high sense of belonging in math and the intention to pursue math in the future.