Holland's vocational models: A study of work groups and need satisfaction

This study was designed to investigate two topics: (1) the concurrent validity of Holland's theory for employed men, and (2) the pattern of needs associated with occupations exemplifying each of Holland's vocational models. Concurrent validity was investigated by administering the Vocational Preference Inventory to 230 male workers well established in occupational milieus that match Holland's six vocational environments. With the exception of the Realistic scale of the VPI, the five remaining vocational scales distributed eight work groups, identified as representative of each of Holland's six vocational models, in a comparable fashion according to their interests. Empirical results on two nonvocational scales (Masculinity and Status) support Holland's vocational models.     

Predicting observers' ratings of the big five from the CPI,HPI, and NEO–PI–R: a comparative validity study

The present study compares the ability of three widely used personality inventories to predict averaged acquaintance ratings. Scores from 135 individuals on the California Psychological Inventory (CPI; Gough, 1987), Hogan Personality Inventory (HPI; Hogan and Hogan, 1992) and NEO Personality Inventory (NEO‐PI‐R; Costa and McCrae, 1992) were correlated with four sets of acquaintance ratings representing four variants of the Five‐Factor Model. Validity coefficients for the NEO‐PI‐R primary domain scales equalled or surpassed the CPI and HPI validity coefficients. Across all inventory scales and subscales, the magnitude of validity coefficients was moderated by the congruence between a predictor's and criterion's secondary factor loading. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Female Aspirants to the Roman Catholic Priesthood

Parish priests (n=85), nonparish priests (n=55), and women who aspire to, but who are barred from, ordination in the Roman Catholic Church (n=235) participated in an investigation of Holland vocational-personality types, job satisfaction, and psychological dysfunction. Of the three groups, the women's Holland-type code, as determined by the means of the Holland-type scales of the Vocational Preference Inventory, was the most similar to the Holland-type code of clergy member as assigned by the Dictionary of Holland Occupational Codes. Women who were barred from the priesthood reported less job satisfaction than the priests. Significant differences on three clinical scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory were in the direction of greater psychological dysfunction on the part of the priests.     

Effects of Instructions and Rating Scales on Item Selection for the BSRI Scales

Walkup and Abbott (1978) stated that Edwards and Ashworth's (1977) failure to replicate Bem's (1974) selection of items for the Masculinity and Femininity Scales of the Bern Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) may be attributed to differences in the instructions and anchored rating scales used in the two studies. The present study tested the hypothesis that presence of various interaction effects involving instructions and rating scales would influence the acceptability of items for the BSRI Masculinity and Femininity Scales. Results based on the evaluation of individual items by Bem's item selection criteria in each of the four experimental conditions obtained by systematically manipulating two instructions (Bem's and Edwards' instructions) and two rating scales (Bem's and Edwards' rating scales) and also those based on the analysis of variance of item mean desirability ratings from the four experimental conditions supported the hypothesis.     

A research note on the new SVIB Holland scales

The Strong Vocational Interest Blanks (SVIB) of 93 management students were scored using six new scales which correspond to Holland's six occupational types. The scores from both the 14-item and the 20-item scales were correlated with actual scores on the Vocational Preference Inventory. The 14-item and the 20-item scales were also correlated with each other. In addition, the SVIB-derived Holland scales were scored using a simplified procedure, and the results were compared with the scoring procedure used by Campbell.     

A Comparison of Primary Alcoholics,Secondary Alcoholics,and Nonalcoholic Psychiatric Patients on the MacAndrew Alcoholism Scale

The MacAndrew Alcoholism (MAC) and Sc scales of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) were examined in four groups of 20 male patients. Comparisons were made among primary alcoholics, secondary alcoholics (i.e., alcoholic psychiatric patients), nonalcoholic psychiatric patients (mixed diagnoses), and conservatively defined, nonalcoholic schizophrenics. Primary alcoholics scored higher on the MAC scale than did secondary alcoholics and other groups; schizophrenics scored lower than all other groups. Primary alcoholics were lower on the Sc scale than schizophrenics but did not differ from other groups. The results support MacAndrew's (1981) distinction between primary and secondary alcoholics and suggest that the MAC scale may enhance differentiation among diagnoses other than alcoholism.     

Constructive Thinking and Firm Disagreement Versus Neuroticism and Mild Agreement: Asymmetric Correlations of Content and Response Measures

All correlations among the principal content and response option measures of Costa and McCrae's (1985) NEO-Personality Inventory (NEO-PI) and Epstein and Meier's (1989) Constructive Thinking Inventory (CTI) were surveyed in data from 303 university students. A bipolar cluster of adjustment-related scales, anchored by CTI Constructive Thinking versus NEO-PI Neuroticism (r = -.74), undergirded the 12 content scales' intercorrelations. Assenting and dissenting responses correlated positively across inventories and within firm, moderate, and neutral categories but correlated negatively across those categories. The content scales had notably asymmetric but consistently coherent associations with response options, strongest but opposite with firm dissent and mild assent and clearly weaker with firm assent, mild dissent, and noncommittal options. Findings indicate that response styles have psychological meanings that merit increased attention.     

Attributional Style and Self-Reported Depression Among Adolescents Inpatients

Eighteen adolescent inpatients with various diagnoses completed the Children's Depression Inventory and the Children's Attributional Style Questionnaire. The correlations between the two scales were consistent with those obtained among nonclinical samples of children and adolescents. The data were consistent with their reformulated learned helpless theory of depression. Suggestions were offered for subsequent research with depressed adolescent inpatients.     

Urban-Nonurban Differences in Social Cognition: Locus of Control and Perceptions of a Just World

Abstract

American male and female college students who were randomly assigned to one of six groups viewed a 60-s videotape. The content of the tape was derived from the factorial combination of sex of model (both American and White) on the tape with duration of eye contact (5 s, 30 s, or 50 s) maintained by the model with an interviewer. After viewing the tape, the subjects completed the Multidimensional Self-Esteem Inventory (O'Brien &; Epstein, 1988) as they thought the model in the tape would. For all 10 self-esteem component scales, scores significantly increased as amount of eye contact increased. For 7 of the 10 scales, self-esteem scores for the female model were higher than those for the male model. The data generally extend and support previous research demonstrating that, as eye contact increases between Americans, American observers rate them more favorably.     

Sex differences in Group Embedded Figures Test performance in relation to sex-role,state and trait anxiety

The Group Embedded Figures Test of field dependence (GEFT) was administered to first-year psychology students who were then assigned to four sex-role classes depending on whether or not they exceeded median masculinity and femininity scores on the Bem Sex-Role Inventory. Males achieved significantly higher GEFT scores but there were no significant sex-role effects. In a second study, other students were assigned to field dependent (DEP) and independent (INDEP) groups according to whether or not they exceeded the median GEFT performance for each sex. Between-group comparisons were then made of scores on the state and trait scales of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. In neither case was there a significant difference between the DEP and INDEP groups. However, for males only, there was a significant negative correlation between state and GEFT scores as well as a significant positive correlation between the two anxiety scales. Although the latter results suggested a sex difference in how the GEFT demands are perceived, it was concluded that neither sex-role nor state or trait anxiety could adequately account for consistently better male GEFT performance.     

Interest factors derived from job analytically based activity preference scales

In previous research, work dimensions were derived through factor analyses applied to job ratings on the Occupation Analysis Inventory (OAI). Activity preference scales were subsequently constructed corresponding to 21 of the resultant OAI dimensions. The research reported here involved factor and cluster analyses of the 21 activity preference scales, based on response data from 494 high school students. These analyses produced six replicable scale factors and related clusters. Five of the six factors corresponded with Holland's 1973 work-related personality types, and all of them were matchable with factors derived from more conventionally developed interest scales. To our knowledge, this is the first effort to derive interest factors from job analytically induced scales. These factors' compatibility with existing vocational interest constructs suggests a rapprochement between frameworks based on job analytic and interest research.     

Scale structure of the Team Role Self Perception Inventory

The Team Role Self Perception Inventory (TRSPI) has attracted several studies critical of its psychometric properties. This research uses a large data set and employs confirmatory factor analysis on within‐scale scores to examine the dimensionality and reliability of the TRSPI's scales. Data show that five of the nine scales are unidimensional and that two other scales show generally good fit to a unidimensional solution. The ‘completer‐finisher’ and ‘implementer’ scales show a better fit to a bidimensional structure and would benefit from improved item wording for a small number of items. The ‘shaper’ scale would also benefit from some attention to item wording. Reliability estimates suggest that the reliability of the TRSPI's scales is better than previous estimates imply.     

Selecting for Creativity and Innovation: The relationship between the innovation potential indicator and the team selection inventory

This article describes a study carried out to investigate the relationship between individual scores on the Innovation Potential Indicator (IPI), a measure of individual innovation behaviors for use in personnel selection, and the Team Selection Inventory (TSI), an individual‐level measure of a person's preferred team‐working climate for innovation. Results from a sample of 142 Greek employees found that the Motivation to Change scale of the IPI positively correlated with all of the TSI scales, and that the Adaptation scale positively correlated with the TSI's Vision and Task Orientation scales. Findings are discussed.     

Percentile Norms and Accompanying Interval Estimates from an Australian General Adult Population Sample for Self‐Report Mood Scales (BAI,BDI, CRSD,CES‐D,DASS, DASS‐21, STAI‐X,STAI‐Y,SRDS, and SRAS)

Despite their widespread use, many self‐report mood scales have very limited normative data. To rectify this, Crawford et al. have recently provided percentile norms for a series of self‐report scales. The present study aimed to extend the work of Crawford et al. by providing percentile norms for additional mood scales based on samples drawn from the general Australian adult population. Participants completed a series of self‐report mood scales. The resultant normative data were incorporated into a computer programme that provides point and interval estimates of the percentile ranks corresponding to raw scores for each of the scales. The programme can be used to obtain point and interval estimates of the percentile ranks of an individual's raw scores on the Beck Anxiety Inventory, the Beck Depression Inventory, the Carroll Rating Scale for Depression, the Centre for Epidemiological Studies Rating Scale for Depression, the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scales (DASS), the short‐form version of the DASS (DASS‐21), the Self‐rating Scale for Anxiety, the Self‐rating Scale for Depression, the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), form X, and the STAI, form Y, based on normative sample sizes ranging from 497 to 769. The interval estimates can be obtained using either classical or Bayesian methods as preferred. The programme (which can be downloaded at http://www.abdn.ac.uk/~psy086/dept/MoodScore_Aus.htm ) provides a convenient and reliable means of obtaining the percentile ranks of individuals' raw scores on self‐report mood scales.     

Psychological androgyny and personality adjustment in college and psychiatric populations

In two separate studies, 106 female and 84 male undergraduates and 48 female and 48 male psychiatric inpatients were administered the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) and the Faschingbauer Abbreviated Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. The masculine, feminine, androgynous, and undifferentiated groups identified from the BSRI differed on a variety of personality scales in both normal and clinical populations. Androgynous females were significantly lower on the Depression (D) and Social Introversion (Si) scales than feminine females, and, in the college sample, were also lower on the Schizophrenia and Mania scales than masculine females. In the hospitalized male sample, this pattern was partially sustained, with androgynous and masculine subjects being significantly less deviant than feminine on the Si scale, and tending to score lower on the D scale. In the group of college males, androgynous males scored lower on the Si scale than feminine males. Hypotheses concerning the relationship of sex-role flexibility (androgyny) to mental health appear to be supported for females in both college and psychiatric populations by these results. These results also indicate that sex-role conformity may relate differently to personality development and psychological functioning for males and females.     

Relations Between Minuchin's Structural Family Model and Kohut's Self-Psychology Constructs

This study examined the relations between S. Minuchin's (1974) structural family model and H. Kohut's (1971) self-psychology constructs. A total of 164 college women completed the Structural Family Interaction Scale-Revised (SFIS-R), the Parental Relations Inventory (PRI), and the Goal Instability and Superiority scales from the Self-Expression Inventory. Two factors, Proximity-Differentiation and Generational Hierarchy-Differentiation, accounting for 90% of the variance, emerged from an exploratory factor analysis of the SFIS-R and PRI. The results of canonical correlation analysis, with the 2 factors included as predictor variables and the 2 scales measuring self-expression as the dependent variables, indicated that women raised in families with strong cross-generational alliances are likely to display narcissistic personality traits and to have difficulty setting goals. Implications for counseling are presented.     

Daydreaming: a measurable concept

Research has been reported which supports the psychometric properties of the Imaginal Processes Inventory. The purpose was to confirm and extend this research as well as investigate the interrelationships between daydreaming and depression, locus of control, and visual imagery. This inventory (7 scales), Beck Depression Inventory, Rotter Locus of Control Scale (I-E), and Gordon's Test of Visual Imagery Control were administered to 100 female undergraduates. A sample of 39 subjects were retested on the scales an average of 6.8 wk. after the first administration. Correlations with Imaginal Processes Inventory and test-retest data were consistent with Giambra's (1977) findings for males and support the reliability and generalizability of the scores. Other results include significant intercorrelations between the various scales of this inventory and the others. Implications for an understanding of the process of depression are discussed.