Comparing coping styles: Awake and asleep

This is an investigation of the relationships between the three parameters of dreaming: frequency, duration and intensity, and the three dream content factors: Personal Avoidance, Eroticism and Adventuresomeness on the one hand, with Plutchik's eight coping styles. Results show that three of the coping styles: Seeking succorance, Blame and Substitution relate most frequently with frequency, duration and intensity of dreaming, whereas Blame and Seeking succorance relate most frequently with the dream content factors. Men and women's data are in the same direction with regard to the relations of Reversal and Substitution with the Eroticism factor, of Substitution with frequency, and Replacement with duration of dreaming.Men and women's data are in the opposite direction with regard to the relationships of Blame and Personal Avoidance, Eroticism and Adventuresomeness, and Seeking succorance with Adventuresomeness, and frequency, and Blame and Reversal with intensity of dreaming.Of the sixteen variables investigated, we found that ten differentiated between older and younger men, and ten between older and younger women. Six of these differences were in opposite, and two in the same direction for men and women, the rest being sex-specific.     

Coping styles of (first- and second-generation) holocaust survivors

The eight coping styles proposed by Plutchik (Development of a scale for the measurement of coping styles: a preliminary report, Einstein College of Medicine, 1985) were investigated in small groups of holocaust survivors and their grown-up sons and daughters.It was found that fathers reported using mainly Blame and Mapping. Mothers used mainly Minimization, seeking Succorance, Replacement and Substitution.Sons reported using mostly Minimization, Replacement, Mapping and Reversal.It was further found that fathers' use of coping styles was on the whole most similar to daughters' use. The same is true of mothers, the greatest similarity noticed being between sons and daughters. Fathers' and mothers' use of coping styles was least similar.     

Religious coping,drinking motivation,and sex

The relations for religious coping with types of drinking motivation were examined in 178 college students. Participants completed the Ways of Religious Coping Scale and the Drinking Motives Questionnaire. As expected, correlations suggested that amount of alcohol used as well as social and enhancement motives for using were negatively related to religious coping scores. These relations were more clearly evident among women than among men. Coping motivation for alcohol use and religious coping were not significantly correlated.     

Humor Styles Questionnaire: personality and educational correlates in Belgian high school and college students

Studies often treat sense of humour as a unidimensional construct. Recently, however, four different humour styles have been hypothesized and validated by the Humor Styles Questionnaire (HSQ). In the present two studies, first, the HSQ received cross‐cultural validation among French‐speaking Belgian students (94 high school and 87 college students). Second, apart from some similarities (Extraversion, low need for closure), the four humour styles were found to be differently related to personality. Social and self‐enhancing humour styles were positively related to Agreeableness, Openness, and self‐esteem, whereas hostile humour was negatively related to Agreeableness and Conscientiousness. Self‐defeating humour was negatively related to Emotional Stability, Conscientiousness, security in attachment, and self‐esteem. Finally, students' humour styles were neither direct nor indirect predictors of school performance, but self‐defeating and hostile humour styles were typical of students with low school motivation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Relation between humor and empathic concern

A series of studies have shown that humor is associated with close interpersonal relationships and effective in reducing stress, which in turn enhances empathy. Therefore, it was hypothesized that humor and empathic concern would be positively correlated. The Empathic Concern subscale of the Empathy Questionnaire, the Coping Humor Scale, the Multidimensional Sense of Humor Scale, and the Situational Humor Response Questionnaire were given to 124 subjects. Scores on the Empathic Concern subscale were significantly correlated with those on each of the humor scales. Types of humor may be an important variable in the relationship between empathic concern and humor. Both humor and empathic concern are associated for people with emotional intelligence who use these to interact effectively with other individuals. As such, it was suggested that exploration would yield a relation between humor and emotional self-awareness, which is also associated with emotional intelligence.     

Humour styles,personality, and well‐being among Lebanese university students

This research examined the structure and correlates of the Humor Styles Questionnaire (HSQ) in Lebanese university students. Four humour factors were found, as in the original Canadian samples: Affiliative, Self‐Enhancing, Aggressive, and Self‐Defeating humour. Scale reliabilities were generally acceptable, and inter‐correlations among the scales were low. Lebanese participants scored lower than Canadians on Affiliative and Self‐Enhancing humour and lower than Belgians on Affiliative and Aggressive humour. As in Canadian and Belgian samples, males reported significantly more use of Aggressive and Self‐Defeating humour than did females. Humour styles correlated differentially, and generally as predicted, with horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism, attachment styles, perceived health, and psychological well‐being. Overall, the findings support the cross‐cultural stability of the HSQ as well as the differential relationship of these humour styles with culture‐related personality traits and psychological well‐being. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Humour styles,gelotophobia and self‐esteem among Chinese and Indian university students

This study examined the relationship between humour styles, gelotophobia and self‐esteem among 102 Indian and 101 Hong Kong university students. The Humour Styles Questionnaire, the GELOPH‐15 Scale and the Rosenberg Self‐Esteem Scale were used. Indian students rated the importance of humour significantly higher than Hong Kong Chinese students and considered themselves as being significantly more humorous as well. Both Indian and Hong Kong Chinese students engaged in significantly more affiliative and self‐enhancing humour. Indian students engaged in significantly more affiliative and self‐enhancing humour and reported less gelotophobia than Hong Kong students. Gelotophobia was negatively correlated with self‐esteem and affiliative humour in both samples and was positively correlated with self‐defeating humour in the Indian sample only. Affiliate humour mediated the relationship between self‐esteem and gelotophobia in both samples whereas self‐defeating humour mediated the relationship in the Indian sample only. Taken together, both Indian students and Hong Kong students valued adaptive humour, but Indian students valued humour more than Hong Kong students. This study is a pioneering study of its kind conducted in a Chinese‐Indian sample.     

Relationship of resilience to personality, coping, and psychiatric symptoms in young adults

Developing a comprehensive understanding of resilience across the lifespan is potentially important for mental health promotion, yet resilience has been vastly understudied compared to disease and vulnerability. The present study investigated the relationship of resilience to personality traits, coping styles, and psychiatric symptoms in a sample of college students. Measures included the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, NEO Five Factor Inventory, Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations, and Brief Symptom Inventory. Results supported hypotheses regarding the relationship of resilience to personality dimensions and coping styles. Resilience was negatively associated with neuroticism, and positively related to extraversion and conscientiousness. Coping styles also predicted variance in resilience above and beyond the contributions of these personality traits. Task-oriented coping was positively related to resilience, and mediated the relationship between conscientiousness and resilience. Emotion-oriented coping was associated with low resilience. Finally, resilience was shown to moderate the relationship between a form of childhood maltreatment (emotional neglect) and current psychiatric symptoms. These results augment the literature that seeks to better define resilience and provide evidence for the construct validity of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale.     

Age, sex, and personality correlates of self-actualization in elderly adults

The present study examined age, sex and personality correlates of self-actualization among older adults. The Personal Orientation Inventory and Personality Research Form were administered individually to 80 community men and women aged 56 yr.-84 yr. No main effect for sex was observed on inventory scores, but younger subjects (56 yr.-67 yr.) obtained higher scores than older subjects (68 yr.-84 yr.) on four subscales: Existentiality, Feeling Reactivity, Acceptance of Aggression and Capacity for Intimate Contact. Age was negatively correlated with Feeling Reactivity in both sexes; Inner-directedness decreased with age in men and Capacity for Intimate Contact diminished with age in women. For men, inventory scores were positively associated with the traits of Change and Endurance and negatively correlated with Abasement, Order and Succorance. For women, Impulsivity correlated positively and Order was associated negatively with scores on the inventory. These results suggest that the components of self-actualization are differentially influenced by age for men and women and that the traits accompanying self-actualization are sex-linked.     

Traumatisation,psychological defence style,coping, symptomatology,and social support in HIV-positive: A pilot study

This paper examines degree of traumatisation, defence styles, coping strategies, symptomatology, and social support in a small sample of HIV-positive men and women in an effort to ascertain the psychological implications of living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Traumatisation and the potentially mediating effects of defence styles have only been the subject of a few studies of HIV positives. The study is based on a socio-demographic questionnaire, the Impact of Event Scale, the Defence Style Questionnaire, the Coping Styles Questionnaire, the Trauma Symptom Checklist, and the Crisis Support Scale. A degree of traumatisation that warrants treatment was found together with an association between particular coping strategies and symptomatology, and particular defence styles and symptomatology, respectively. Social support had increased over time, which is contrary to other research findings on social support.     

A comparative study of two taxonomies of coping styles,personality and sex

The factor structures of two sets of coping styles, proposed by Lazarus and Plutchik respectively, were investigated, as well as the relationship between each set with extraversion and neuroticism. Results show that sex is a major moderating variable. The Lazarus data yielded three separate factors for men and women, while the Plutchik data yielded four factors, of which only one was in common for men and women. A factor analysis of both sets of data yielded seven factors, suggesting that about half of the content is common to both sets of coping styles. Extraversion is positively related to six of the coping styles, and negatively to one. Neuroticism is positively related to five coping styles. For the rest, both Extraversion and Neuroticism correlate differently for men and women.     

Social support mediating between coping by emotional expression and depression

The present purpose was to investigate the effects of social support on the relationship between coping by expressing emotions and depression in women. Japanese undergraduate students (N = 218) completed four self-report questionnaires: the dispositional and situational versions of the Emotional Coping Questionnaire which measures the mode of expression as being either to self as in a diary or to others as in telling a friend, the Social Support Scale to evaluate received support, and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale. Analysis showed that expression of emotions to self in both dispositional and situational coping had significant positive correlations with depression, especially for women who scored high on depression, and expression of emotions to others in both dispositional and situational coping were significantly positively correlated with social support. However, no significant mediation effects of social support in emotional expression and depression were found. Limitations and topics for research are discussed.     

不同应对风格个体的幸福感研究——应对风格问卷的修改与应用

参考目前应对领域中较成熟的分类方式,对石林、封丹2004年编制的应对风格问卷进行了项目调整,将问题应对和情绪应对项目进一步划分为5个维度。以590名大学生为被试,分别施测修改后的应对风格问卷和幸福感指数、总体幸福感指数量表。结果显示灵活型和控制型风格个体的幸福感较高,反向型个体的幸福感最低。不同风格个体的幸福感差异不仅源于他们对应对方式的选择不同,而且因为他们对应对方式的使用效果不同。灵活型和控制型个体更能从自己的应对方式中受益。     

Turkish validation of the Emotional Approach Coping Scale

The Emotional Approach Coping Scale is frequently used to assess coping, which consists of emotional processing and emotional expression. The present aim was to examine the psychometric properties of this scale by utilizing two independent samples: university students (n = 481) and community members (n = 284). Based on goodness-of-fit indices in confirmatory factor analysis, a two-factor model yielded significant findings in these samples. The results of multi-group analysis revealed that the theoretical structure of the dispositional Emotional Approach Coping Scale was the same for men and women. In addition to sufficient internal consistency and test-retest reliability, the relationships between the Emotional Approach Coping Scale and five conceptually related measures (coping styles, positive affect, negative affect, depression, and trait anxiety) demonstrated concurrent validity. Furthermore, the present study provides a map of emotional approach coping styles in a non-Western culture.     

情绪创造性的影响因素及其与应对方式的关系

探讨情绪创造性的影响因素以及情绪创造性与应对方式的关系及其途径。研究1对150名高中生施测父母教养觉知量表、简式人格问卷、情绪创造性问卷;研究2对152名高中生施测情绪创造性问卷、成就动机量表、应对方式问卷。结果表明,大五人格和父母教养方式均可显著预测情绪创造性;情绪创造性通过成就动机间接影响应对方式,其中有效性通过追求成功动机而促进问题中心应对,准备性通过避免失败动机而促进情绪中心应对。     

应对方式、社会支持和心理压力对中学生心理健康的影响研究

该研究采用中学生应激源量表、中学生应对方式量表、领悟社会支持量表和症状自评量表(SCL-90)对852名初一至高三的学生进行了调查。通过单因变量多维交互效应的方差分析,结果表明：消极应对方式对中学生的心理健康影响较大;积极应对方式与心理健康的相关不显著;社会支持对心理健康的影响同时具有主效应和缓冲效应;心理压力与心理健康之间存在着显著相关;应对方式和社会支持在心理压力与心理健康的关系中彼此独立起作用,两者之间的交互作用不明显。     

An investigation of worry and sense of humor

To investigate the relationship between worry and sense of humor, the author administered the Worry Domains Questionnaire (WDQ; F. Tallis, M. Eysenck, & A. Matthews, 1992) and the Multidimensional Sense of Humor Scale (MSHS; J. A. Thorson & F. C. Powell, 1993) to 140 undergraduates. Worry was negatively related to sense of humor. Results of a stepwise regression, using the WDQ as the criterion and the MSHS factors as predictors, showed that the humor production factor of the MSHS loaded negatively on Step 1 and the coping with humor factor loaded positively on Step 2. The results are discussed in relation to W. E. Kelly and M. J. Miller's (1999) cognitive model of worry and worry as a coping strategy.     

青少年心理韧性与恶意创造性行为倾向的关系

恶意创造力因其独特的“危害性”而与一般创造力有所区分。积极的人格特质如心理韧性由于可以促进一般创造力但对恶意有所抑制, 故其对恶意创造力的影响尚不清楚。通过2个研究考察心理韧性与恶意创造力的关系及其作用机制, 以及心理韧性与应激对恶意创造力的共同作用。结果表明：心理韧性水平能够显著负向预测青少年的恶意创造性行为, 且主要通过积极应对方式对恶意创造性行为起作用; 心理韧性对恶意创造性行为的影响也会受到应激环境的调节, 即相对于非应激条件, 应激条件下削弱了积极应对方式对恶意创造性行为的抑制作用。这些结果表明有必要注重培养青少年的心理韧性以抵御外界环境的不良影响, 并正确引导其创造力的发展。     

“A joke a day keeps the doctor away?” Meta‐analytical evidence of differential associations of habitual humor styles with mental health

Humor and mental health are interconnected as is evidenced by a large number of studies. However, associations are only small and inconsistent as the operationalization of humor poses a methodological challenge. The Humor Styles Questionnaire (HSQ ) differentiates four humor styles that might be beneficial or harmful to mental health. The aim of the present study was to meta‐analytically aggregate studies using the HSQ to assess the associations of different humor styles with four areas of mental health (self‐esteem, life satisfaction, optimism, depression). An extensive electronic database literature search identified 37 studies that reported correlations between the HSQ scales and the four areas of mental health in 45 independent samples (total N = 12,734). In total, 16 meta‐analyses were conducted. Moderating effects of participant age, sex, and geographic region were examined via subgroup analyses and meta‐regression. Humor styles differed in terms of their associations with mental health. Health‐promoting humor styles were overall positively correlated with mental health (small‐to‐medium effect sizes). Self‐defeating humor was overall negatively correlated with mental health. Aggressive humor was overall unrelated with mental health. Moderator analyses suggested geographic differences (Eastern vs. Western samples) and sex differences for some of these associations. Fostering specific humor styles may be beneficial for mental health. In addition, observing the habitual use of humor styles might help therapists to develop a better understanding of their clients. Differences in the utilization and the correlates of humor styles in Eastern and Western societies, and sex differences, need to be addressed in future research.