The structure of yutori and its functions

A scale for measuring yutori was developed, and then used to examine the effectiveness of efforts made by companies to promote yutori among their employees. Exploratory factor analysis revealed the following eight factors in the structure of yutori : economic wealth, free time, environmental amenities, competence, contentment, enjoyment, challenge, and behavioral freedom. Covariance structure analysis suggested that yutori was not only related to objective, material measures, such as time and economic sufficiency, but also included very subjective psychological concepts. An examination of the systems and measures provided by Japanese companies to promote yutori found a low correlation between ratings of the effectiveness of such systems and measures, and employees' scores on the eight yutori factors, even between systems and measures for reducing working hours and the free time factor, for example. No effective systems and measures for the promotion of yutori were observed. There is a need for a psychological perspective in studies of the promotion of yutori .     

On yawning and its functions

The forms and behavioral correlates of yawning are described, and the phylogenetic and ontogenetic aspects of the act are examined with particular attention to its possible functions. Much evidence supports the view that yawning is an important mediator of behavioral arousal levels, a view that is further strengthened by a review of endocrine, neurotransmitter, and pharmacological mechanisms of yawning: A major function of yawning appears to involve maintenance or increase of arousal when environments provide relatively little stimulation.     

李西月内丹思想及其特色浅析

李西月是清代著名道士，是道教内丹西派的创始人。本文首先对他的思想渊源做了简要分析；接着梳理了他的主要内丹思想——凝神于虚的入手功夫、九层炼心的内炼全程、不同阶段的三件河车；最后着重论述了他内丹思想不同于他人的特色之处,以及这些特色在道教史上的意义。     

Multiphasic neuronal transfer functions for representing temporal structure

Neural network models of timing have struggled to account for animal timing capabilities using the accepted connectionist assumptions, in most cases without postulating the existence of explicit neuronal time-keeping mechanisms. Current ethological and physiological data, however, suggest that cellular oscillators form the foundation for animals’ temporal capacities. We propose that these oscillators could be used as temporal filters that capture the temporal structure of the animal’s experience. A model is presented that accounts for a number of the salient features of the feeding anticipatory response with only a single circadian filter. This model goes beyond current entrainment models in that it correctly predicts the relationship between the feeding period and the anticipatory interval. An alternative approach using multiple filters is examined that can account for animals’ ability to correctly anticipate two daily feeding times.     

Language and its social functions in early soviet thought

Studies in East European Thought -     

Acting-out: its functions within analytic group psychotherapy and its transformation into dreams

In group processes, acting-out has diverse functions, all of them equally important. It has an intrapsychic, interpersonal, and group dynamic function. Not only may it be understood as a form of resistance, but also in its communicative and reparative potential. The authors investigate the thesis that acting-out also contains the seed for change, thus helping patients divest themselves of pathological behavior. Using a group process as an example, this article shows how boundaries can be drawn between past and present experiences while using the communicative and reparative functions of acting-out. Unconscious psychodynamics can then be transformed from acting-out into dreams.     

A multi-systems theory of the structure and dynamics of motor functions

A theoretical analysis of the structure and dynamics of human motor functioning is presented from the perspective of a general theory of individuality. Within multifactor-systems theory, the structural units of the six systems of integrative personality (i.e., sensory, motor, cognitive, affect, style, and value) are hierarchical factor structures. Integrative functioning, both within and among systems, is described via the principles of general systems and information-processing theory. Our theoretical synthesis of the structure and dynamics of human motor functioning involves conceptualizing the hierarchy of motor factors as: (a) the basic dimensions of individual differences in the motor domain, (b) classes of decomposable motor programs that specify the spatio-temporal organization of behavior, and (c) decomposable classes of processing components entailed by motor programs. Some of the implications for understanding the role of affect in motor functioning and some research suggestions were presented.     

《周易》的希望品格及其文化价值

<周易>的希望品格是指<周易>在时间之维中展现出的对未来昂扬自信、积极乐观的精神气象和文化面貌,对其充分认识对开掘<周易>的文化内涵具有基础性意义.<易经>卦爻辞中的吉辞明显多于凶辞,凶转吉的现象显著,在事实上彰显出对未来的自信与希望.<易传>进一步在哲学理路上,从天道、人事、愿景等方面系统展现出<周易>的希望品格.从<周易>希望品格的视角考察中国式的终极关怀和民族精神,能获得新的认识.     

社会性格和健康社会性格模式的初步研究

１引言 随着改革开放的不断深化及社会主义市场经济的发展,物质文明建设得到了很大的发展。物质财富的积累和对外开放的影响使得当今中国社会生活的各方面发生了深刻变化,同时西方文化的精髓和糟粕也一起涌入中国社会,从而使人们的观念发生了急剧变化。在这种形势下精神文明建设就变为当今社会发展中的首要问题之一,而精神文明建设中的一个很重要的问题就是对人的精神塑造问题,其中就包括了当代中国人健康社会性格的塑造问题。 社会性格（Ｓｏｃｉａｌ Ｃｈａｒａｃｔｅｒ）是指在一定社会结构中的大多数人为了适应社会条件的需要而共…     

Conceptual structure and social functions of behavior explanations: beyond person--situation attributions

The traditional approach to studying behavior explanations involves treating them as either person causes or situation causes and assessing them by using rating scales. An analysis of people's free-response behavior explanations reveals, however, that the conceptual distinctions people use in their explanations are more complex and sophisticated than the person-situation dichotomy suggests. The authors, therefore, introduce a model of the conceptual structure of folk behavior explanations (the network of concepts and assumptions on which explanations are based) and test it in 4 studies. The modes and features of behavior explanations within this conceptual structure also have specific social functions. In 2 additional studies, the authors demonstrate that people alter distinct features of their explanations when pursuing particular impression-management goals and that listeners make inferences about explainers' goals on the basis of these features.     

语音的自动激活及其在汉字语义通达中的作用

采用Stroop实验范式及其变式研究了语音的自动激活及其在汉字语义通达中的作用。在实验一中,要求被试大声读出汉字的颜色,除了获得经典的Stroop促进效应之外,结果还发现：当汉字颜色对应的读音与汉字读音一致(如红色的“洪”字)时,被试的反应会显著加快。在实验二中,要求被试判断汉字的颜色并按下相应的键,得到了与实验一相似的结果模式。这些结果表明,语音在汉字的识别过程中是自动激活的,并且有助于语义通达。     

不同感觉功能对抑郁的影响及其神经机制

大脑通过视觉、听觉、嗅觉、味觉和触觉等感官通道接收来自外界的信息。不同感觉功能受损涉及抑郁发生的中枢机制,而基于不同感官通道进行适当刺激以及多感官联合干预也可能发挥显著的抑郁治疗作用。笔者以症状-脑区-机制-治疗为逻辑主线,首次系统梳理了五种主要感觉障碍人群的抑郁临床症状、抑郁神经机制以及基于感觉刺激的抗抑郁治疗。结果表明,不同感觉功能障碍对抑郁相关神经机制的影响可能表征了不同的抑郁病理,涉及神经元电活动(某些神经元放电和神经环路激活等)和神经生化改变(神经可塑性和神经发生、炎症免疫和HPA轴、神经激素和神经递质等),且主要发生在边缘系统及其附近脑区,涉及岛叶、颞叶、额叶等。因此,未来研究可聚焦于机体对不同感觉信息的提取,这将为人类抑郁的病因和治疗提供新的研究视角。     

Autobiographical memory: exploring its functions in everyday life

This special issue of Memory spotlights research that uses a functional approach to investigate autobiographical memory (AM) in everyday life. This approach relies on studying cognition, in this case AM, taking into account the psychological, social, or cultural-historic context in which it occurs. Areas of interest include understanding to what ends AM is used by individuals and in social relationships, how it is related to other cognitive abilities and emotional states, and how memory represents our inner and outer world. One insight gained by taking this approach is that levels and types of accuracy need not always be regarded as memory "failures" but are sometimes integral to a self-memory system that serves a variety of meaningful ends of human activity. Previously hypothesised functions of AM fall into three broad domains: self, social, and directive. Each of the contributions addresses how AM serves one or more of these functions and thereby examines the usefulness and adequacy of this trio.     

Indexicals and Character Shifting

Philosophia - According to Character Shifting Theory, the rules determining indexical reference vary according to the communication technology used. These rules are established by conventions...