实践理性和自治行为——基于"内在理由论"的分析

实践理性（practical reason）是人们通过思考而行动的能力。自治（autonomy）指的是行为者为自己的行动立法。行为者只有运用自身的理性思考才能按照自己订立的法则行动。实践理性和自治行为间的关系是一个重要的哲学问题。本文的主要观点是：自治所要求的实践理性是内在意义上的实践理性,这一实践理性要求行为者的行动符合一个建立在真信念和真实欲求基础上的“合理的思考”过程。     

论情绪的生态理性

生态理性强调环境对人的塑造作用,强调人在适应环境过程中获得的功能作用.该文在全面解读生态理性内涵的基础上,从两个方面寻找证据论证情绪具有生态理性：（1）情绪是环境自然塑造的结果,携带着丰富的环境信息;（2）情绪的功能反映环境结构,自动调节人类行为。在上述论证的基础上,我们尝试提出情绪影响个体行为的工作机制,并在一定范围内分析了不良情绪与生态理性之间的关系。     

理性行为理论及其拓展研究的现状与展望

作为一种广泛地用于预测多种多样的社会行为的权威理论,理性行为理论（Theory of Reasoned Action, TRA）已经被大量的学者进行了拓展。根据研究视角的差异性,现有的这些对理性行为理论进行拓展的研究被归结为三类,理性行为理论自身的深化研究;理性行为理论适用性的拓展研究;理性行为理论模型的拓展研究。这三类研究首先被系统地总结和分析,然后在分析现有研究的不足的基础上,理性行为理论进一步拓展研究的方向被提出来,期望以此推动理性行为理论在国内的进一步开展     

人生公式

人很难将某种癖性或行为坚持到底,无论是好的癖性还是坏的行为。这大概是毫无疑问的事情。毛主席早就教导我们：一个人做一件好事不难,难的是一辈子做好事。有人篡改了毛主席的语录说,一个人做一件坏事不难,难的是一辈子做坏事。说起来这个命题好像也能成立。因此,如果把毛主席那句话抽象出来,我们可以获得公式一：一个人做X不难,难的是一辈子做X。这个X几乎可以被置换为人世间任何一件具体的事情,比如勇气——我愿意冒险把勇气也大而化之地称作事情。     

另类胡塞尔——胡塞尔现象学的"标准化"和"非标准化"的解读 (续)

9．问题三,胡塞尔悬置了标讣陛（indication）——如今我们称它为标示性（indexicality）。这是胡塞尔把符号的表达性维度分离出来,并且赋予优先地位,强化意义与指称之间的对立、甚至意识与世界之间的对立的必要步骤。既然表述行为这种现象为《逻辑研究》提供了可以通达主体性的本性的地点,胡塞尔就必然被导向关于思想（mind）的再当下化理论。在这种理论中,任何对世界的实际的因果关联的思考,     

"理性生态人":人性假设理论的新发展

由全球环境危机引发的人们关注生态伦理学的研究,将关注的目光投向人类生态化发展方向的"理性生态人"行为模式的塑造.与之相匹配的管理理论和实践也需要"理性生态人"假设理论的支撑.为了尽快地缩短与发达国家的差距,尽快地使我们科学管理的人性假设理论臻于完善,为我国的现代化服务,我们必须采取有效措施加快人性的自然发展进程.     

有限理性的"占优启发式"和"齐当别"决策模型的作为——当Allais悖论杠杆撬动了期望效用理论

人们在做决策时常常要受到时间或知识的限制,有时还要受到其双重限制。关于人们是如何进行风险决策,早期有期望效用理论对其加以解释,但Allais悖论对其标准化地位提出了挑战。Simon的“有限理性”观点提出后,一些研究者开始致力于开发决策的“有限理性”模型。文章讨论并比较了无限理性的期望效用理论被Allais悖论杠杆撬动之后,有限理性的“占优启发式”和“齐当别”决策模型所能做的和所不能做的。两种模型的决策标准、计算策略以及未来研究的展望也一并作了讨论。     

康德哲学辨正──兼论哲学的价值课题

一、《纯粹理性批判》：是否弃上帝,抑或是否弃思辨理性的僭妄？一种对康德哲学的如下理解曾在国内学术界差不多成为认同的观念：从《纯粹理性批判》到《实践理性批判》,上帝在一度被否弃后,又被否弃者重新扶上天国的王位。一部评述康德哲学的专著这样写道：“康德在前门送走上帝（在认识领域宣布不能证实上帝存在）,在后门又接了进来（在实践领域又宣布上帝必然存在）。”（李泽厚：《批判哲学的批判》,人民出版社,1984年6月版,第269页）这种见解我们至少可以追溯到上个世纪的海涅,然而海涅是错的。事实上,康德在《纯粹理性批判》…     

"动物行为学高级培训班暨首次动物行为学研讨会"在北京举行

“动物行为学高级培训班暨首次动物行为学研讨会”于2007年12月11～14日在中国科学院动物研究所成功举办，参会人员约150人。来自国内、外不同领域从事动物行为学研究的知名学者就精子竞争和近交回避（康乐）、行为的遗传和基因调节（孙中生）、行为的神经机制（罗敏敏、徐富强）、     

论"吃亏"

通过一定的个人利益的损缺 ,换来了高于个人利益的整体利益的增进 ,这是“吃亏”的道德价值。除此之外 ,“吃亏”还有相对于“吃亏”者本人的内在价值。在市场经济中 ,纯粹出自经济理性的“吃亏”,是一种明智的、深谋远虑的市场行为选择 ,而以道德理性为依据的“吃亏”,则是市场经济健康发展的必要条件 ,也是市场经济对于人类、对于社会的价值和意义之保障。同时 ,社会又要尽量少让“老实人吃亏”,特别是不能让利己主义者利用老实人的“吃亏”。     

Extremes of self-esteem and narcissism and the experience and expression of anger and aggression

This study examined the level of self-esteem and narcissism as personality variables involved in the disposition to experience and express anger. Three hundred thirty-eight subjects were sampled across two higher education centres and one student teaching programme in the United Kingdom. It was reasoned that individuals with both high self-esteem and narcissism would report especially high tendencies to experience and express anger and aggression and that those with high self-esteem and low narcissism would report the lowest. These predictions were influenced by theories that emphasise the role of threats to high self-esteem in the production of aggression and violence. Results indicate that groups defined by their extreme scores on self-esteem and narcissism scales produced levels of anger expression in the predicted direction. The importance of considering extreme levels of self-esteem and narcissism (in conjunction with other factors) in an analysis of anger is discussed with reference to currently influential theories in the field. Aggr. Behav. 24:421–438, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Social and Personal Determinants of Adolescent Use and Abuse of Alcohol and Marijuana

This article summarizes research on social and personal determinants of adolescent use and abuse of alcohol and marijuana to aid practitioners when designing interventions.     

Cognitive and Personality Characteristics of Masculinity and Femininity Predict Wayfinding Competence and Strategies of Men and Women

Bem (1974) reconceptualized masculinity and femininity as independent and orthogonal constructs that both men and women possess to varying degrees. This perspective was used as a starting point to investigate whether the contributions of gender-typed characteristics can help to account for commonly observed gender differences in wayfinding (the ability to identify one’s current location and successfully navigate to an unseen location in the environment) favoring men. We further divided gender-typed characteristics into cognitive and personality characteristics to assess their separate influence on wayfinding and explored whether gender-typed characteristics predicted self-reported use of masculine wayfinding strategies (i.e., orientation strategies) and self-reported wayfinding competence. Participants were 452 college women and men in a southern U.S. public university. They completed the Gender-Stereotypic Characteristics questionnaire (Diekman and Eagly 2000), a social comparison questionnaire (created by the authors), a wayfinding strategy questionnaire (Lawton 1994), and a wayfinding competence questionnaire (Hegarty et al. 2002). For both men and women, higher masculine cognitive characteristics significantly correlated with greater use of orientation wayfinding strategies typical of men. For men, both higher masculine and feminine cognitive characteristics predicted better overall wayfinding competence whereas for women, only higher masculine cognitive characteristics predicted better overall wayfinding competence. For both men and women, higher feminine personality characteristics predicted poorer wayfinding competence. These results demonstrated the importance of considering cognitive and personality characteristics of masculinity and femininity in explaining individual differences in wayfinding.     

Self-ratings of positive and negative affect and retrieval of positive and negative affect memories

Abstract

Based on analysis of self-ratings of mood, positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) have been proposed as basic, orthogonal mood dimensions (Watson & Tellegen, 1985). The present study asked subjects (N = 61) to not only provide self-ratings of PA and NA terms but also to retrieve personal memories associated with those terms. Self-rated PA was associated with latency to retrieve PA- but not NA-related memories; self-rated NA was associated with latency to retrieve NA- but not PA-related memories. Self-ratings of PA and NA were not significantly correlated, nor were retrieval latencies for PA and NA memories. Individual item correlations also revealed a strong direct relationship between self-ratings and retrieval latency. The dissociations involving a non-self report measure strengthen the distinction between PA and NA, and the individual item correlations are interpreted as showing that self-ratings of affect are based upon the ease of retrieval of personal memories.