Geography and computer ethics: An Eastern European perspective

Several context-specific social and political factors in Eastern and Central Europe are described — factors that must be considered while developing strategies to introduce Computer Ethics. Poland is used as a primary example. GNP per capita, the cost of hardware and software, uneven and scant distribution of computing resources, and attitudes toward work and authority are discussed. Such “geographical factors” must be taken into account as the new field of Computer Ethics develops.     

评论后共产主义城市:一个不可比较的社会地理学实验室

对于东欧和俄罗斯的后共产主义城市的研究,不仅仅为社会科学开辟了一个新的领域和提供了近缘的异国情调的诱惑.它们也是观察联结城市物质性(有建筑物的空间的扩展,不同的建筑形式,基础结构与服务设施的分布类型)与社会结构(管理方式、经济举措、社会交往表达)的各种复杂关系的卓越观察所.在俄罗斯是3/4个世纪,而在东欧国家则是50年间,具有许多个世纪悠久历史的一些城市两度改变体制:从自由工业资本主义走向共产主义计划经济,从干预主义的自给自足经济走向全球化的市场.这些城市仿佛为了揭穿诗人(波特莱尔)的呓语,其改变的速率并不比人的心脏跳动更快,而是按照它们的连续性,按照它们的呼吸和梦想的节奏搏动着.     

Gender-Related Knowledge Variations Within Geography

In a survey of students from junior high through the undergraduate college level, males consistently out-performed females on a test covering map skills and physical, human, and regional aspects of geography. The gender gap was consistent across all four subfields. It widened with increased education and was significant even after accounting for numerous personal information items that might have explained the difference. This consistent performance difference involving the broad spectrum of geographic knowledge argues against explaining the gender gap as symptomatic of differences in a single underlying factor such as map skills or spatial abilities. Knowledge-based and nonknowledge-based explanations for the gender difference are discussed.     

Giotto in Padua: A New Geography of the Human Soul

In the Arena Chapel in Padua, Giotto painted seven allegorical representations of virtues and seven allegorical representations of vices. This article probes the sources for the list of virtues and the list of vices. The ensemble of virtues can be located in St. Thomas Aquinas; the ensemble of the vices, however, is original. The result is a new account of vices that displaces the odler account of the “seven deadly sins.”     

Toward a New Geography of Hasidism

The geography of Hasidism has long been one of the most contentious issues in the history of the movement. This article represents an attempt to free hasidic geography from outmoded preconceptions by proposing a new conceptualization of the hasidic leadership and its following in Eastern Europe. Based on an original, extensive database of hasidic centers, the authors drew five maps in sequence showing the development of Hasidism from its inception to the Holocaust. The five periods into which the database is divided are demarcated by four historically significant landmarks: the years 1772, 1815, 1867, and 1914. The article offers some possible interpretations of the maps, and draws a number of conclusions arising from them. The authors examine the dynamics and tendencies of the expansion of the movement within geographical frameworks, including the shift of hasidic centers from Podolia and Volhynia in the eighteenth century to Galicia and the southeastern provinces of Congress Poland in the nineteenth century, and subsequently to Hungary and Romania in the twentieth century; hasidic penetration into Jewish Eastern Europe, reaching its peak in the period between 1815 and 1867; and the metropolization of the hasidic leadership after 1914. The article also analyzes the patterns of concentration and diffusion of the hasidic leadership, and the impact of political factors upon these parameters.     

岭南地理与道教南传

岭南殊异的地理环境适合道教的生长和发展。一方面,岭南秀异的山川,为道教长生成仙提供了理想乐园;另一方面,岭南瑰奇的物产,满足道教炼服仙药的实践需要。汉晋之际,道教得以传人岭南,其地理环境起着至关重要的作用。     

The World in a Wafer: A Geography of the Eucharist as Resistance to Globalization

This essay explores Eucharist as resistance to late-capitalist "globalization." Globalization is often touted as the first true realization of catholicity. Globalization is seen as the demise of the nation-state which has caused so much division among peoples. In contrast, I argue that globalization does not signal the decline of the nation-state but the perfection of the modern state's subsumption of local communities under the universal. True catholicity is based in the practice of the Eucharist, which realizes a universal communion but does so only in local Eucharistic communities, thus overcoming the dichotomy of universal and particular.     

贫民窟与郊区:19世纪英国社会分层与城市社会地理

19世纪的英国迈进城市化时代:工业经济的繁荣推动了工商业城市的崛起,而城市化又给英国社会带来了重大的影响。一方面,城市的发展加剧了社会贫富分化,使人们因财富和地位的差异而分化为不同的阶层,并推动了中产阶级和工人阶级的形成;另一方面,社会分层反过来又对城市本身产生了重要的影响,使英国城市格局逐渐发展成为以"贫民窟与郊区"为典型特征的城市社会地理结构。     

The Geography of Political Communication: Effects of Regional Variations in Campaign Advertising on Citizen Communication

This study explores whether and how campaign‐induced changes in local information environments influence citizens' everyday communication activities. The empirical analysis in this study centers on a comparison of two New Jersey media markets that showed idiosyncratic differences in the amount of political advertising during the 2000 presidential campaign. Results from this natural quasi‐experimental design provide evidence that a respondent's media market was a significant factor for her news attention and interpersonal discussion. That is, New Jersey residents in high‐ad‐volume areas were more active in political communication practices than those in low‐volume areas. The findings of this study deepen our understanding of citizens' information seeking and political conversation, both of which have long been explained by individual‐level differences.     

The Live Outdoor Webcams and the Construction of Virtual Geography

The live outdoor webcam seems inseparable from the mid-1990s’ popular proliferation of the Internet. Combining a well-known medium, i.e. the photograph, with a new one, i.e. the Internet, the live outdoor webcam seems in the rear-view mirror to have contributed significantly to the popular perception of the Internet as a globally distended and thus “geographical” medium. Moreover, due to its role in the NASA Triana mission, the never-realised flagship of the Clinton–Gore administration’s Digital Earth project, the live webcam seemed to play an important part in the construction of what leading geographers coined a “virtual geography”—the geography of the Internet, and the networked geography—that sought to establish itself as a new field of study during the late 1990s. In order to substantiate for this interpretation, I would like in the first part of this article to identify a number of basic characteristics of the outdoor webcam and, in the second, to analyse and discuss two papers written by leading scholars in the field; papers which have been important in the assessment of the impact of the Internet and geographical information systems (GIS) before the scientific community as well as policy makers within technological innovation and the public sector.

论汉晋之际道教地理学的成就

道教地理学的产生主要基于以下几个原因:笫一,创教布道的需要。笫二,神仙信仰的必须。第三,修道成真的基础。其形成与发展,是一个渐进的历史过程,其中包含着先秦神仙家、秦汉方仙道及后来的道士们的上千年的实践经验、研究心得及科学成果。故从东汉张陵开创道教二十四治,到魏晋时期洞天福地说的问世,道教中人即十分重视对地理、环境的观察研究,从而构成了一门独具特色的道教地理学。