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1.
Zusammenfassung Bei der Psychotherapie der Panikstörung ist die Wirksamkeit störungsbezogener verhaltenstherapeutischer Ansätze in zahlreichen randomisierten kontrollierten Studien nachgewiesen; für die Wirksamkeit einer störungsbezogenen psychodynamischen Kurzzeitpsychotherapie (panikfokussierte psychodynamische Psychotherapie, PFPP) gibt es erste empirische Belege. Die theoretische Fundierung der therapeutischen Zugänge und die daraus abgeleiteten Behandlungsprinzipien werden für die beiden Therapieverfahren dargestellt; eine aktuelle Übersicht zu empirischen Wirksamkeitsnachweisen wird gegeben: Schulenübergreifend sind Vorgehensweisen wirksam, die die Auseinandersetzung mit der Paniksymptomatik in den Mittelpunkt stellen. Die Verhaltenstherapie erreicht dies mit der Exposition gegenüber panikbezogenen Körpersensationen und -situationen; in der psychodynamischen Psychotherapie hat sich die aktive Exploration panikbezogener Kognitionen und Emotionen sowie die Deutung der für Patienten mit Panikstörungen typischen ambivalent-abhängigen, konfliktvermeidenden Übertragung bewährt. Die mit der Überwindung der habituellen Vermeidung verbundene Stärkung des Selbstwertgefühls wird als wirksamer Faktor diskutiert.  相似文献   

2.
From the evidence reported in the recent guidelines [Heinrichs et al. (2009) Evidenzbasierte Leitlinie zur Psychotherapie der Panikst?rung mit und ohne Agoraphobie. Hogrefe, G?ttingen] the following conclusions can be drawn with respect to the treatment of panic disorder with or without agoraphobia, as well as for agoraphobia without panic disorder:
  1. Every psychotherapy should be preceded by suitable diagnostics and a case formulation.
  2. The effectiveness of every psychotherapy should be evaluated with well established measures.
  3. For the treatment of panic disorder without agoraphobia, cognitive behavioral treatment (CBT) and applied relaxation have been shown to be effective (evidence grade 1).
  4. For panic disorder with agoraphobia, CBT, combination treatment (CBT plus medication), as well as panic-focused psychodynamic psychotherapy in the outpatient setting have shown short-term effectiveness (evidence grade 1). Longer lasting effects have been documented for CBT (evidence grade 1).
  5. For agoraphobia without panic disorder, CBT with a focus on situational exposure can be recommended (evidence grade 1).
  相似文献   

3.

Background

In 2000/2001 the authors presented the theory and practice of the ecological approach to the psychotherapy of panic disorders. The aim of the present study was to investigate the psychotherapeutic effectiveness of its application, supplemented by cognitive behavioural elements. According to the ecological approach, panic disorder arises whenever external changes in the living conditions enforce changes in professional or interpersonal relationships, which had been previously postponed and/or avoided out of fear of their consequences.

Methods

A total of 24 therapies consisting of 11–20 sessions were examined. Patients were examined 5 times from the beginning of the therapy until at least 1 year after cessation. Standardized questionnaires for the diagnosis and severity of the panic syndrome were used including the Panic and Agoraphobia Scale (PAS), the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA), the Symptom Checklist (SCL) 90-R and a relationship questionnaire.

Results

In the subjects’ self-evaluation 67% had recovered or showed only mild symptoms 1 year after therapy compared to 75% in the evaluation by the therapists. Effect sizes before and after therapy varied between 0.78 and 2.73 and all were significant. In addition, we developed a questionnaire on relationships, according to the ecological hypothesis. This showed that more than 80% of the subjects experienced essential changes in their relationships prior to the onset of the panic disorder requiring further developmental changes, which could be mastered with increasing success in the course of therapy.

Conclusions

Compared to other studies the combination of ecological and cognitive-behavioural approaches in this study resulted in impressive symptom and therapy reduction in less than 20 sessions.  相似文献   

4.
5.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is the fourth common psychiatric disorder with a life-time prevalence of 1–3% world wide. Symptoms of OCD are intrusive, repetitive thoughts (obsessions) with disturbing content. Often, repetitive acts (compulsions) are performed in order to defend oneself or others against suspected threats or evil. Genetic and neurobiological factors are assumed to generate a disorder-specific vulnerability. Cognitive-behavioural models however, may serve to clarify the pathological interplay between dysfunctional thoughts and learning processes. The article offers an actual view on symptoms, diagnostic criteria, aetiology and therapeutic principles, such that OCD no longer stays the “hidden disease” which causes high individual and socioeconomic burden.  相似文献   

6.
Zusammenfassung Das Wissen über Psychopathologie, Ätiopathogenese und Behandlungsmöglichkeiten der Borderline-Persönlichkeitsstörung (BPS) hat sich in den letzten Jahren deutlich verbessert. Heute sehen die meisten Wissenschaftler eine generalisierte Störung der Affektregulation im Zentrum der BPS, deren Ursachen in Wechselwirkungen zwischen genetischen Faktoren, traumatischen biographischen Erfahrungen und dysfunktionalen Verhaltensmustern liegen. Störungsspezifische Therapieverfahren, insbesondere die Dialektisch Behaviorale Therapie (DBT) nach Linehan, flankiert von psychopharmakologischer Behandlung, zeigen gute Behandlungsergebnisse sowohl im stationären als auch im ambulanten Bereich. In jüngster Zeit wurden viel versprechende Konzepte zur Behandlung schwerer komorbider Störungen [Alkohol und Drogenabhängigkeit, Posttraumatische Belastungsstörung (PTBS)] entwickelt.  相似文献   

7.
For a long time obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) was considered to be a mental disorder which is very difficult or practically impossible to treat. Based on comprehensive basic research on different models and derived treatment approaches empirical research has shown remarkable improvement in the psychotherapeutic treatment of OCD. Recently, S-3 treatment guidelines have been published on behalf of the Association of the Scientific Medical Societies in Germany (Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlich Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften, AWMF). Based on these guidelines clinical diagnostic measures and state-of-the-art treatment recommendations are proposed. Specifically, the current article focuses on the step-by-step procedure in cognitive-behavioral intervention strategies and in particular on exposure and response prevention.  相似文献   

8.
Ohne Zusammenfassung Bryn Mawr College Mit 2 Textabbildungen.  相似文献   

9.
First, the development of addiction theory in psychoanalysis is recapitulated on the basis of the works of W.D. Rost and A. Heigl-Evers. For the understanding of alcoholism two concepts are fundamental. The ego-psychological concept postulates addiction as an attempt of a weak ego to help itself, while the object-psychological concept of Rost considers some forms of alcoholism as an expression of unconscious self-destruction.The author of the present article examines on the basis of a case study of autodestructive alcoholism the strength and weak points of the approach of Rost and proposes certain expansions of the model regarding first the object relations of the addict and the counter-transference, where a strong entanglement of the therapist with the destructivity of the patient is obvious. In addition, further considerations about the role of the superego are necessary, which faces the ego with hostility. Finally, the nature of the primary object of the addict person and the nature of the substance as transferential object should be examined. In the case of these inner objects there is a strange mixture of positive and negative aspects having in their consequence a great destructive potential for the person. This constellation bears resemblance to the pathological personality organisation as understood in Kleinian literature.  相似文献   

10.
11.
There have previously been only few objective investigations on the combined occurrence of intellectual disability and personality disorder. Despite this difficulty, from the current clinical viewpoint there is no doubt that at least people with mild intellectual disability can also develop personality disorders. In slight degrees of intellectual disability it is possible to psychopathologically describe the typical symptoms objectively. For the disorder symptomatic of combined personality disorder in people with an intellectual disability, there are no confirmed facts, publications or diagnostic rules. The diagnostic assignment of behavioral abnormalites as combined personality disorder with dependent and infantile components in people with intellectual diasabilities still does not seem to be justified. In people with medium to severe mental disorders only the comprehensive term “behavioral abnormalities” should be applied.  相似文献   

12.
Borna Disease Virus (BDV) wird seit mehr als 20 Jahren als potenzieller kausaler Co-Faktor insbesondere bei affektiven Erkrankungen diskutiert. Die folgende Kasuistik demonstriert die erste antivirale Behandlung einer BDV-infizierten Patientin mit einer bipolaren affektiven St?rung, die bei sonst therapieresistentem Verlauf mit klassischen Antidepressiva von der Amantadin-Behandlung klinisch sehr profitierte. Die Bedeutung der BDV-Infektion und ihrer Therapie bei affektiven Erkrankungen wird anhand dieser Kasuistik sowie neuerer Studien diskutiert.  相似文献   

13.
Zusammenfassung Die Posttraumatische Belastungsst?rung (PTBS) ist ein h?ufiges Krankheitsbild und mit einer Standardtherapie, die die spezifische Problematik der St?rung unberücksichtigt l?sst, nur eingeschr?nkt behandelbar. Der Beitrag geht auf aktuelle diagnostische Kriterien sowie spezifische Risikofaktoren für die Ausbildung chronischer und komplexer PTBS-Symptome ein. Verschiedene Behandlungsans?tze – Konfrontationstherapie, Kognitive Restrukturierung, EMDR, psychodynamische Therapie, angeleitetes Schreiben – werden auf der Basis validierter Therapiestudien vorgestellt. Ausführlicher berücksichtigt werden Behandlungsm?glichkeiten für sexuell traumatisierte Frauen mit chronischer PTBS und komorbiden Beschwerden.   相似文献   

14.
There is a high prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder in community-based samples; therefore psychiatric assessment and expert opinion is often required. Professional standards of psychiatric expert opinion in the assessment of posttraumatic stress disorder are outlined. The significance of symptom validity tests is critically discussed. Test results have to be considered carefully in the medicolegal context and require thorough clinical assessment.  相似文献   

15.
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Conduct Disorder (CD) are two of the most common neurobehavioral disorders of childhood. Despite of their high comorbidity rate both disorders can be reliably differentiated. Especially the comorbid condition is associated with a poor outcome and some of the affected children develop an Antisocial Personality Disorder. This article summarizes diagnostic criteria and epidemiological data of both disorders and emphasises the role of ADHD in the aetiology and pathogenesis of antisocial behavior. ADHD seems to have a negative impact particular in children of the early-starter subtype of CD. Findings from genetic, psychophysiological and neuroimaging studies emphasise the relevance of biological risk factors in the etiological models and developmental pathways of antisocial behavior. We present so far unpublished data of children with ADHD and ADHD/disruptive behavior disorders which indicate group-specific neurocognitive impairments in the comorbid condition. ADHD and CD seem to constitute a synergistic and interactive relationship in that each disorder aggravates the other. Recent findings point to a “true hybrid” of ADHD/CD. Considering the negative outcome of the comorbid condition, several findings suggest that high-quality treatments may have considerable impact on restoring ADHD children to better functioning.  相似文献   

16.
17.
The long-term effects of complex and sequential traumatization and the related diverse symptomatology have resulted in the development of the concept of complex posttraumatic stress disorder. The disorder is characterized by enduring disturbances of the affective system, self-perception and interpersonal as well as social relationships. The number of randomized controlled trials on complex posttraumatic stress disorder is relatively limited. The results of these studies show that cognitive-behavioral trauma-focused interventions are efficacious with good effect strengths.  相似文献   

18.
Der Psychiater Dr. Alexander Neumeister betreibt an der Universit?t Yale Grundlagenforschung zur Beschreibung der Neurobiologie psychiatrischer Erkrankungen. Dabei gilt sein besonderes Augenmerk affektiven Erkrankungen, Angstst?rungen und der posttraumatischen Belastungsst?rung. Ein weiterer Schwerpunkt seiner Forschungst?tigkeit ist die Psychopharmakologie. Um neurochemische Prozesse im Gehirn zu beschreiben bedient sich Neumeister verschiedener bildgebender Verfahren, vor allem der Positronen-Emissions-To-mographie.  相似文献   

19.
Zusammenfassung Da tachistoskopisches Erkennen unter sehr ungünstigen Umständen durch vorherige Bekanntheit der exponierten Gebilde erleichtert wird, kann das tachistoskopische Erkennen zu einem weiteren Nachweis der Retentionsstörung verwandt werden. Sind die betreffenden Gebilde vorher in Häufung vorgeführt, so gelingt das Erkennen viel schlechter als wenn sie in Isolierung gegeben waren.Auch in Versuchen über tachistoskopisches Wiedererkennen kommt die Retentionsstörung viel deutlicher zum Ausdruck als in Versuchen über Wiedererkennen unter gewöhnlichen Bedingungen.Daß die Retentionsstörung bei Prüfung des Wiedererkennens unter gewöhnlichen Bedingungen anscheinend geringer ist, liegt an der Unempfindlichkeit des dabei verlangten Wiedererkennens als Indicator.Wird das tachistoskopische Erkennen des gleichen Materials wiederholt unter denselben ungünstigen Bedingungen geprüft, so gelingt es allmählich besser. Auch diese Spurenwirkung wird gestört, wenn dabei mehrere Gebilde des gleichen Materials vorgeführt werden.Dissertation der Philosophischen Fakultät Greifswald. — Für die Fragestellungen dieser Arbeit und für vielen Rat habe ich Herrn Professor Köhler und Fräulein Dr. von Restorff zu danken, Herrn Professor von Allesch dafür, daß er ihren Abschluß ermöglichte und mich dabei auf das freundlichste unterstützte.  相似文献   

20.
In today’s field of forensic psychiatry, psychopathy is seen as a subtype of antisocial personality disorder and includes manipulative behavior, egocentric and arrogant characteristics, high-risk behavior as well as a lack of empathy. Empirical data on the prevalence of psychopathy and antisocial personality disorder among offenders greatly vary depending on the study design and the composition of the sampled population. Offenders who committed both violent and sex offenses seem to have antisocial traits with a higher probability than offenders who committed only violent or only sex offenses. In the context of criminal responsibility and risk assessment for sex offenders, antisocial and psychopathic traits have a negative impact on the prediction of recidivism. Many study results, even though not all, additionally indicate that the combination of psychopathic traits and sexual deviance (i.?e. for example a paraphilic disorder such as sexual sadism) in sex offenders may be associated with a particularly high risk to reoffend. Due to the specific interpersonal characteristics (e.?g., dominant, provocative behavior, exaggerated self-esteem), therapeutic treatment of sex offenders with antisocial and psychopathic traits is often difficult. The regular supervision by the therapist is considered to be crucial to avoid harmful relationship dynamics or distorted perception of the therapist.  相似文献   

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