元记忆对情节记忆和语义记忆的监测

这项研究围绕元记忆对多重记忆系统的监测问题,研究了ＦＯＫ判断对Ｒ反应和Ｋ反应的监测作用。结果表明：Ｒ反应项目的ＦＯＫ判断的幅度（ＭＦＯＫ）明显高于Ｋ反应项目的幅度,且ＦＯＫ对Ｒ反应项目的预测准确性明显大于对Ｋ反应项目的预测。这一结果说明,元记忆对不同记忆系统中存贮的项目的监测强度是不一样的,它对情节记忆的监测明显好于对语义记忆的监测。     

模糊再认（FR）判断—元记忆领域的新方法

Ｈａｒｔ所开创的ＦＯＫ研究范式表明,在记忆的提取阶段由客体水平的回忆能引起元水平ＦＯＫ判断,但历来的研究都忽略了由再认也能引起一种元记忆判断,这就是“模糊再认判断”（即ＦＲ判断）．本文论述了ＦＲ判断的概念,特性和研究方法并加以实验验证．ＦＲ判断发生在记忆提取阶段,有着与ＦＯＫ判断同等重要的研究价值和相似的研究方法．ＦＲ研究范式给予元记忆研究以新的思想和方法．     

FOK判断产生机制的研究进展

１引言ＦＯＫ（ＦｅｅｌｉｎｇｏｆＫｎｏｗｉｎｇ）判断是元记忆监测性判断中最重要的形式,最具有代表性,也是目前研究得最多的一种监测性判断。ＦＯＫ判断的经典定义是：相信某信息能从记忆中提取出来,但现在又提取不出来,此状态即为ＦＯＫ。对ＦＯＫ的现代研究始于...     

项目的激活强度与元记忆判断

本实验采用不同于国外由Ｈａｒｔ首创的ＦＯＫ（Ｆｅｅｌｌｉｎｇ－ｏｆ－Ｋｎｏｗｉｎｇ）研究方法的新方法──模糊再认判断法（Ｆｕｚｚｙ－Ｒｅｃｏｇｎｉｔｉｏｎｊｕｄｇｅｍｅｎｔ,简称ＦＲ）来研究无记忆判断及其产生机制．实验中安排了范畴判断与字词识记相结合,造成四种不同激活强度的字词,让被试对其进行ＦＲ判断,并用迫选再认作为标准测验进行验证．结果表明,范畴判断的语义激活增强了字词的激活强度,从而影响ＦＲ判断的等级．识记项目的激活强度愈高,相应的ＦＲ判断等级也愈高．     

元记忆监控与记忆成绩关系的研究综述

无记忆监控和记忆成绩的关系是心理学家和教育学家共同关心的问题。元记忆监控包括元水平的监测（ｍｏｎｉｔｏｒｉｎｇ）和元水平的控制（ｃｏｎｔｒｏｌ）两个方面。“监测”是指人对自身记忆的认知和评价,在记忆的不同阶段有不同的表现形式,如ＥＯＬ（ｅａｓｙｏｆｌｅａｒｎｉｎｇ）,ＪＯＬ（ｊｕｄｇｅｍｅｎｔ　ｏｆｌｅａｒｎｉｎｇ）,ＦＯＫ（ｆｅｅｌｉｎｇｏｆｋｎｏｗｉｎｇ）,ＣＬ（ｃｏｎｆｉｄｅｎｃｅｌｅｖｅｌｉｎｒｅｔｒｉｅｖｅｄａｎｓｗｅｒ）等等;“控制”是指元水平对客体水平记忆加工过程的启动、终止,记忆…     

S－R相容性：概念、分类、理论假设及应用

Ｓ－Ｒ相容性：概念、分类、理论假设及应用刘艳芳（中国科学院心理研究所）１引言刺激一反应相容性（ｓｔｉｍｕｌｕｓ－ｒｅｓｐｏｎｓｅｃｏｍｐａｔｉｂｉｌｉｔｙ）的研究源于第二次世界大战美国空军对显示屏的研究,而真正使Ｓ－Ｒ相容性成为心理学研究的主题之一的...     

呈现方式、自我效能感和成就动机对FOK判断影响的研究

以英汉配对词为实验材料探讨了呈现方式、自我效能感和成就动机对ＦＯＫ判断（Ｆｅｅｌｉｎｇ ｏｆ Ｋｎｏｗｉｎｇ）的影响,被试是１４４名大学生。实验结果表明：（１）呈现方式、自我效能感和成就动机均显著影响ＦＯＫ判断等级的高低和判断的准确性;（２）自我效能感和成就动机在影响ＦＤＫ判断方面有显著的交互作用,成就动机对ＦＤＫ判断的作用受自我效能感影响;（３）被试的回忆成绩、再认成绩和ＦＤＫ判断准确性之间均有显著的正相关,表明客体记忆与无记忆之间有较密切的联系。     

FOK的线索熟悉性假说与线索熟悉性判断

这项研究对ＦＯＫ的线索熟悉性假说进行了进一步检验,该假说认为,人们是根据自已对记忆线索是否熟悉而作ＦＯＫ判断的,研究结果表明,线索熟悉性判断与ＦＯＫ判断是两种不同性质的判断,它们可以在相同的刺激模式下表现出不同的反应模式。     

PCR技术应用的辩证启示

ＰＣＲ技术应用的辩证启示上海第二军医大学南总研究生（上海２１００００）王祥和导师徐建国聚合酶联反应（ｐｏｌｙｍｅｒａｓｅｃｈａｉｎｒｅａｃｔｉｏｎ，ＰＣＲ）是１９８５年由ＫａｒｙＭｉｌｌｉｓ等首先成功的。其本质是体外酶促合成（扩增）特异ＤＮＡ片段的一...     

元记忆研究的理论框架

本文简要介绍以Ｌ．Ｏ．Ｎｅｌｓｏｎ为代表的关于元记忆理论框架的观点。人类认知过程应区分元水平和客体水平。对记忆过程讲,相应区分为无记忆和客体记忆。依据二者间信息流方向的不同,无记忆的作用分为控制和监测。它们在记忆的不同阶段交互起作用、认识元记忆与客体记忆的关系,对认识人与计算机记忆的本质差别,以及人类复杂记忆系统的结构与功能有重要意义。     

加工水平及词对类型在新异联系形成中的作用

该研究采用过程分离方法和知觉辨认方法探讨不同加工水平和词对类型在新异联系形成中的作用。结果表明,深加工是形成非相关词对间联想启动的条件之一。另外,具体词对的联想启动没有表现出加工水平效应,出现了内隐和外显记忆的分离现象,提示不同的词对类型与加工水平间存在着交互作用,当联系程度较紧时,并不一定需要语义加工,而联系程度不紧时,语义加工则是必要的。     

A role for the perceptual representation memory system in category learning

There is growing evidence that working memory, episodic/semantic memory, and procedural memory all play important roles in at least some types of category learning. Little is known, however, about the role of the perceptual representation memory system (PRS). Two experiments are reported that provide evidence that under certain conditions, the PRS, by itself, is sufficient to mediate category learning. Both experiments compared performance in (A, not A) and (A, B) prototype distortion category-learning tasks, in which category exemplars are created by randomly distorting one category prototype in the (A, not A) conditions or two prototypes in the (A, B) conditions. Results showed that (A, not A) performance was more sensitive to prototype similarity and less affected by the removal of feedback than (A, B) performance. These results support the hypothesis that (A, not A) performance was mediated by the PRS, but that (A, B) performance recruited other memory systems.     

再认条件下元监测判断的影响因素

探讨了再认条件下元监测判断的影响因素。以中文双字词对作为实验材料 ,安排在不同预先呈现时间、有无进行有意识记 ,以及不同识记遍数等条件下进行元监测判断。用计算机随机呈现项目 ,再认之前先让被试做元监测判断 ,判断是否是记过的项目的把握程度 ,再对有意识记过的项目做迫选再认 ,作为标准测验 ,以验证元监测判断的准确性。结果是预先呈现时间长、有意识记过的和识记遍数多的项目 ,对其再认的反应时较短 ,相应的元监测判断等级也较高 ;对只看而未有意记过的项目的判断是呈现时间长的判断等级反而低于呈现时间短的。此结果表明 ,再认条件下 ,元监测判断的等级的高低与识记项目的激活程度有关     

Semantic generation can cause episodic forgetting

The repeated retrieval of a subset of previously learned items can cause forgetting of the nonretrieved items. The study reported here investigated whether retrieval-induced forgetting generalizes to a situation in which the retrieved and nonretrieved items are not part of the same experiential episode and task. Subjects learned an item list that they had to recall later in the experiment. In a separate intermediate phase, they repeatedly generated related items from semantic memory, or were presented the same items intact for study. Only the semantic generation of items, and not their presentation for study, induced forgetting of the initially learned items. This result indicates that, first, semantic generation can cause recall-specific episodic forgetting and, second, retrieval-induced forgetting can occur even if the retrieved and nonretrieved items belong to different experiential episodes and tasks. Connections of the present results to other memory phenomena, such as part-set cuing and the generation effect, social cognition, and eyewitness memory, are discussed.     

Contexts and control operations used in accessing list-specific, generalized, and semantic memories

The human ability to focus memory retrieval operations on a particular list, episode or memory structure has not been fully appreciated or documented. In Experiment 1-3, we make it increasingly difficult for participants to switch between a less recent list (multiple study opportunities), and a more recent list (single study opportunity). Task performance was good, although there was a cost associated with switching. In Experiment 4, list-specific learning experiences were used to create a generalized memory as a step towards semantic memory. List-specific memories intruded during attempts to retrieve the generalized memory and the generalized memory enhanced list-specific performance. The generalized memory also intruded in a free-association task. We propose that a hierarchy of contexts and control operations underlie the human ability to access different memory structures and that there is no sharp discontinuity in the control operations needed to access list-specific, generalized, and semantic memories.     

再探汉字加工中语音、语义激活的相对时间进程

在Zhou和Marslen-Wilson（2000）基础之上,进一步探讨汉字加工中语音和语义信息激活的相对时间进程及其对汉字加工理论的含义。采用启动范式,用同一目标字与语义相关启动字、同音启动字以及无关控制启动字配对,变化同音启动字读音与其声旁的规则性,变化启动字与目标字呈现之间的时间间隔（SOA,57ms或200ms）,使用两种实验任务（真假字判断和命名）,考察语义、语音效应发生的时间先后与效应量的大小。真假字判断实验发现,不管SOA如何,语义启动效应都非常显著,而同音启动效应则随SOA的增长而逐渐加大,从不显著到显著;同音启动字读音规则性对启动效应没有明显影响。命名实验发现,语义启动、同音启动效应同时存在于长、短SOA条件中。长SOA时,两者在数值上没有显著差异;短SOA时,同音不规则字产生的启动效应等同于语义启动效应,而同音规则字产生的启动效应则大于语义启动效应。结合其它实验发现,这些结果说明,在熟练的汉字加工中,语音信息的激活并不比语义信息早,语音激活也不是语义激活的先决条件;但汉字各种信息激活的相对激活量和时间进程会随任务性质和材料性质而在一定范围内有所改变。     

Source monitoring: The importance of feature binding at encoding

This paper is based on the source monitoring framework (Johnson, Hashtroudi, & Lindsay, 1993) and provides a review of data that suggests the involvement of working memory encoding processes in source monitoring tasks. Source monitoring refers to diverse mental processes used to distinguish the origin of our memories. A key assumption is that, when people encode an event, component processes of working memory play a crucial role in maintaining and binding the various features (e.g., semantic, perceptual) of an event together. It follows that success on a working memory binding test should be a good predictor of proficiency on a long-term source monitoring task, and that individual differences in working memory binding ability should account for the different pattern of source monitoring errors. Interestingly, these predictions have not been directly tested.     

The effects of associative and semantic priming in the lexical decision task

Four lexical decision experiments were conducted to examine under which conditions automatic semantic priming effects can be obtained. Experiments 1 and 2 analyzed associative/semantic effects at several very short stimulus-onset asynchronies (SOAs), whereas Experiments 3 and 4 used a single-presentation paradigm at two response-stimulus intervals (RSIs). Experiment 1 tested associatively related pairs from three semantic categories (synonyms, antonyms, and category coordinates). The results showed reliable associative priming effects at all SOAs. In addition, the correlation between associative strength and magnitude of priming was significant only at the shortest SOA (66 ms). When prime-target pairs were semantically but not associatively related (Experiment 2), reliable priming effects were obtained at SOAs of 83 ms and longer. Using the single-presentation paradigm with a short RSI (200 ms, Experiment 3), the priming effect was equal in size for associative + semantic and for semantic-only pairs (a 21-ms effect). When the RSI was set much longer (1,750 ms, Experiment 4), only the associative + semantic pairs showed a reliable priming effect (23 ms). The results are interpreted in the context of models of semantic memory.     

Dissociating Long-term Memory Systems: Comment on Nyberg and Tulving (1996)

Nyberg and Tulving (1996) presented functional, developmental, psychopharmacological and neuropsychological evidence for each possible pairwise dissociation between episodic, semantic, procedural and PRS memory systems and concluded that these systems are therefore independent. I argue that this exercise is questionable on a number of grounds, and consider in detail the evidence that Nyberg and Tulving cite in favour of one particular dissociation, that between episodic and procedural memory. I suggest that a truer interpretation of the evidence is that these types of memory are closely linked, and that the multiple memory systems view fails to account for a variety of findings.     

言语产生中双词素词的语音编码

采用同音判断和音节监控方法 ,考察言语产生中双词素词语音激活的特点。选用以偏正结构的双词素词为名称的图片和与双词素词中首尾两个词素同音的两组探测字作为实验材料 ,探测字在图片呈现后 5 0毫秒 (实验一 ) ,或图片呈现前 130 0毫秒 (实验二 )出现 ,要求被试判断出现的字是否与图片名称中任何一个词素同音。实验结果与绝大部分言语产生理论的预期相反 ,对图片名称第一词素的反应慢于第二词素。考虑到首尾两个词素对整词意义贡献的差别 ,作者把实验结果解释为词素意义对语音激活的作用 :第二词素的语义重要性决定了对应音节激活的快速性 ,双词素词中词素音位激活的速度和时间性受词义和词素意义激活程度的影响 ,而不完全取决于词素发音的序列性。实验不支持音位编码从左到右、序列进行的观点