Semantic Information and the Correctness Theory of Truth

Semantic information is usually supposed to satisfy the veridicality thesis: p qualifies as semantic information only if p is true. However, what it means for semantic information to be true is often left implicit, with correspondentist interpretations representing the most popular, default option. The article develops an alternative approach, namely a correctness theory of truth (CTT) for semantic information. This is meant as a contribution not only to the philosophy of information but also to the philosophical debate on the nature of truth. After the introduction, in Sect. 2, semantic information is shown to be translatable into propositional semantic information (i). In Sect. 3, i is polarised into a query (Q) and a result (R), qualified by a specific context, a level of abstraction and a purpose. This polarization is normalised in Sect. 4, where [Q + R] is transformed into a Boolean question and its relative yes/no answer [Q + A]. This completes the reduction of the truth of i to the correctness of A. In Sects. 5 and 6, it is argued that (1) A is the correct answer to Q if and only if (2) A correctly saturates Q by verifying and validating it (in the computer science’s sense of “verification” and “validation”); that (2) is the case if and only if (3) [Q + A] generates an adequate model (m) of the relevant system (s) identified by Q; that (3) is the case if and only if (4) m is a proxy of s (in the computer science’s sense of “proxy”) and (5) proximal access to m commutes with the distal access to s (in the category theory’s sense of “commutation”); and that (5) is the case if and only if (6) reading/writing (accessing, in the computer science’s technical sense of the term) m enables one to read/write (access) s. Sect. 7 provides some further clarifications about CTT, in the light of semantic paradoxes. Section 8 draws a general conclusion about the nature of CTT as a theory for systems designers not just systems users. In the course of the article all technical expressions from computer science are explained.     

Calculating Impact Factor: How Bibliographical Classification of Journal Items Affects the Impact Factor of Large and Small Journals

As bibliographical classification of published journal items affects the denominator in this equation, we investigated how the numerator and denominator of the impact factor (IF) equation were generated for representative journals in two categories of the Journal Citation Reports (JCR). We performed a full text search of the 1st-ranked journal in 2004 JCR category “Medicine, General and Internal” (New England Journal of Medicine, NEJM, IF = 38.570) and 61st-ranked journal (Croatian Medical Journal, CMJ, IF = 0.690), 1st-ranked journal in category “Multidisciplinary Sciences” (Nature, IF = 32.182) and journal with a relative rank of CMJ (Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, AABC, IF = 0.435). Large journals published more items categorized by Web of Science (WoS) as non-research items (editorial material, letters, news, book reviews, bibliographical items, or corrections): 63% out of total 5,193 items in Nature and 81% out of 3,540 items in NEJM, compared with 31% out of 283 items in CMJ and only 2 (2%) out of 126 items in AABC. Some items classified by WoS as non-original contained original research data (9.5% in Nature, 7.2% in NEJM, 13.7% in CMJ and none in AABC). These items received a significant number of citations: 6.9% of total citations in Nature, 14.7% in NEJM and 18.5% in CMJ. IF decreased for all journals when only items presenting original research and citations to them were used for IF calculation. Regardless of the journal’s size or discipline, publication of non-original research and its classification by the bibliographical database have an effect on both numerator and denominator of the IF equation. Preliminary results of the study were presented at the 2006 ORI Research Conference on Research Integrity, Tampa, FL, December 1–3, 2006.     

Patterns of Aggression in Parents and their Children

In this research, we examined children's awareness of inconsistencies in messages that are meaningful for children, instructions for games. In the first experiment, kindergarten (n = 25) and second- (n = 25) and fourth-grade (n = 26) children were individually read the instructions for two games, each of which included two inconsistent statements. Chi-square analyses yielded a significant effect for grade for one game (p < .05) and a marginally significant effect for a second game (p < .10). In a second experiment, second- (n = 40), fourth- (n = 40), and sixth-grade (n = 40) children were read the instructions for two games, each of which included two statements that were inconsistent. An analysis of variance demonstrated that with an increase in grade, there was a significant increase (p < .001) in awareness that a message contained an inconsistency. The analysis also indicated that the subjects were more willing (p < .08) to question an adult than they were to question a child about an inconsistency. Moreover, a regression analysis indicated that awareness of inconsistencies in the rules for games was significantly related to memory (p < .001) and to one's ability to note inconsistencies in shorter, simpler messages (p < .001).     

Two Shi‘i Jurisprudential Methodologies to Address Medical and Bioethical Challenges: Traditional Ijtihād and Foundational Ijtihād

The legal‐ethical dynamism in Islamic law which allows it to respond to the challenges of modernity is said to reside in the institution of ijtihād (independent legal thinking and hermeneutics). However, jurists like Mohsen Kadivar and Ayatollah Fa?lalla have argued that the “traditional ijtihād” paradigm has reached its limits of flexibility as it allows for only minor adaptations and lacks a rigorous methodology because of its reliance on vague and highly subjective juridical devices such as public welfare (ma?la?a), imperative necessity (?arūra), emergency (i?tirār), need (?āja), averting difficulty (‘usr) and distress (?araj), hardship (mashaqqa), and harm (?arar) without interrogating the fundamentals (u?ūl) of ijtihād. In contrast, in the “foundational ijtihād” model theology, ethics, intellect, epistemology, linguistics, hermeneutics, modern sciences, history, cosmology, anthropology, and the sources of Islamic legal theory (u?ūl al‐fiqh) interact with one another to obtain resolutions that are just and non‐discriminatory.     

Beyond Sowing and Growing: The Relationship of Sex Typing To Socialization,Family Plans,and Future Orientation1

The speculation, appearing frequently in the birth-planning and population literature, that family-size desires are associated with sex-role norms, was empirically investigated with the Bem (1974) Sex Role Inventory. Forty college students in a 2 (sex-typed vs. androgynous) × 2 (male or female) design responded to a demographic and future-plans inventory. Results indicated that androgynous females, as compared with sex-typed females, (a) moved frequently during childhood (p < .02); (b) were raised in larger communities (p < .02); (c) had fathers (p < .03) and mothers (p < .003) of higher occupational status; (d) tended toward higher educational aspiration (p < .09); (e) desired fewer children (p < .05); and (f) placed more importance on competence at work (p < .004). Male responses were not generally related to the sex-typing variable. Results were discussed in terms of implications of sex-role socialization for the problem of overpopulation.     

Psychometric properties of attitudinal measures of behavioral treatment in geriatric settings

Internal consistency of two forms of the Geriatric Treatment Acceptability Survey (GTAS) and the Attitudes toward Behavior Analysis Scale (ABAS), a global measure of attitudes toward behavior modification, was evaluated. Alpha coefficients regarding treatment acceptability ratings for GTAS Form H were: (a) wandering 0.94; (b) hoarding 0.96; (c) disruptive behavior 0.92; (d) property destruction 0.95; and (e) aggression 0.94. Internal consistency for Form NH was: (a) wandering 0.96; (b) hoarding 0.97; (c) disruptive behavior 0.96; (d) property destruction 0.97; and (e) aggression 0.76. Internal consistency of the ABAS resulted in alpha coefficients of 0.90 (total score); 0.87 (ethics and humaneness); and 0.76 (use). These measures appear useful in assessing older adults, nursing home patients' and geriatric nursing staffs' global and specific attitudes regarding the use of behavioral treatments with older adults. Further research is needed to establish psychometric constructs assessed by the instruments and sensitivity to detecting change in attitudes based on educational or clinical interventions.     

Teachers’ burnout, depression, role ambiguity and conflict

The present study investigates issues associated with teachers’ burnout in primary education as related to depression and role conflict–ambiguity. At the time of the study the participants (562 teachers) were working in seventy nine (79) Primary Education State Schools in Greece (Athens and two prefectures in the southern part of the country). The results showed that of the three factors comprising the Burnout inventory (MBI, Maslach and Jackson, MBI: Maslach Burnout Inventory; manual research edition, 1986), (i.e., Emotional exhaustion, Personal accomplishment, Depersonalization) Emotional Exhaustion showed a statistically significant (positive) correlation with the factors that comprise: (a) the Scale of Depression (CES-D: Ensel, in: Lin et al. (eds.) Social support, life events and depression, 1986; Radloff, Applied Psychological Measurement 1: 385–401, 1977) such as Depressed affect, Somatic retarded activity and (b) Degree of Role Conflict (Role Conflict and Role Ambiguity Scale, Rizzo et al., Administrative Science Quarterly, 15:150–163, 1970, adapted in Greek by Koustelios and Kousteliou, Psychological Reports, 82:131–136, 1998); similarly, Positive affect (CES-D) and Degree of Role Clarity (Role Conflict and Role Ambiguity Scale) showed a statistically significant (negative) correlation with the same factor (Emotional exhaustion). Furthermore, a regression analysis performed with Personal accomplishment as the dependent variable showed that the (combined) factors of Role Ambiguity, Positive Affect and Somatic Retarded Activity contributed significantly to the prediction of the dependent variable; A third regression analysis performed with Depersonalization as dependent variable showed that Somatic Retarded Activity, Role Conflict, Positive Affect, Interpersonal Affect and Role Ambiguity contributed significantly to the prediction of this variable. Overall, the results showed that Greek teachers experience low-moderate levels of Burnout, Depression, Role conflict and Role ambiguity.     

Reviews

Books reviewed: L. E. Keck et al. (eds), Numbers, Deuteronomy, Introduction to Narrative Literature, Joshua, Judges, Ruth, 1&2 Samuel S. E. Gillingham, One Bible, Many Voices: Different Approaches to Biblical Studies Michael D. Goulder, The Psalms of the Return (Book 5, Psalms 107–150): Studies in the Psalter IV James D. G. Dunn, T. & T. Clark, The Theology of Paul the Apostle D. Mendels, Identity, Religion and Historiography: Studies in Hellenistic History William Horbury, Jewish Messianism and the Cult of Christ James S. McLaren, Turbulent Times? Josephus and Scholarship on Judaea in the First Century CE J. Neusner and B. Chilton, Jewish-Christian Debates: God, Kingdom, Messiah Ben Pink Dandelion, Douglas Gwyn and Timothy Peat, Heaven on Earth: Quakers and the Second Coming Adnan Aslam, Religious Pluralism in Christian and Islamic Philosophy: The Thought of John Hick and Seyyed Hossein Nasr W. Cantwell Smith, Believing: An Historical Perspective W. Cantwell Smith, Faith and Belief: The Difference Between Them Norman Doe, Canon Law in the Anglican Communion: A Worldwide Perspective G. R. Evans, Discipline and Justice in the Church of England Alan Falconer (ed.), Faith and Order in Moshi: The 1996 Commission Meeting Lewis S. Mudge, The Church as Moral Community: Ecclesiology and Ethics in Ecumenical Debate T. F. Best and D. Hellar (eds), Eucharistic Worship in Ecumenical Contexts: The Lima Liturgy – And Beyond Timothy Bradshaw ed, Grace and Truth in the Secular Age José Comblin, Called for Freedom: The Changing Context of Liberation Theology Karen Kilby, Karl Rahner Rosemary Radford Ruether, Women and Redemption: A Theological History Ian Markham, Truth and the Reality of God: An Essay in Natural Theology Johannes A. van der Ven, Formation of the Moral Self Robin Gill (ed.), Euthanasia and the Churches Richard Swinburne, Providence and the Problem of Evil John Polkinghorne, Science and Theology: An Introduction John P. Burgess (ed.), In Whose Image? Faith, Science and the New Genetics Stephen Platten (ed.), Seeing Ourselves: Interpreting Contemporary Society Jacques Derrida and Gianni Vattimo (eds), Religion Ursula King (ed.), Faith and Praxis in a Postmodern Age     

Book Reviews

Books reviewed Gail Corrington Streete, The Strange Woman: Power and Sex in the Bible Athalya Brenner (ed), Judges (A Feminist Companion to the Bible. Second Series 4) Athalya Brenner (ed), Ruth and Esther (The Feminist Companion to the Bible. Second Series 3) Wendy Cotter, Miracles in Greco‐Roman Antiquity: A Sourcebook for the Study of New Testament Miracle Stories N. T. Wright and Marcus J. Borg, The Meaning of Jesus Daniel J. Harrington, Invitation to the Apocrypha François Bovon, Ann Graham Brock and Christopher R. Matthews (eds), The Apocryphal Acts of the Apostles (Harvard Divinity School Studies) A. J. M. Wedderburn, Beyond Resurrection Richard Fardon, Mary Douglas: An Intellectual Biography Catherine Pickstock, After Writing: On the Liturgical Consummation of Philosophy Lucy Gardener, David Moss, Ben Quash and Graham Ward, Balthasar at the End of Modernity John R. Quinn, The Reform of the Papacy André Corten, Pentecostalism in Brazil: Emotion of the Poor and Theological Romanticism John R. Tyson (ed), Invitation to Christian Spirituality: An Ecumenical Anthology Adrian Thatcher (ed), Spirituality and the Curriculum James Howard‐Johnston and Paul Antony Hayward (eds), The Cult of the Saints in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages: Essays on the Contribution of Peter Brown Georgia Frank, The Memory of the Eyes: Pilgrims to Living Saints in Late Antiquity (The Transformation of the Classical Heritage 30) R. M. Grant, Early Christians and Animals Anthony Meredith, Gregory of Nyssa (The Early Church Fathers) Anna Silvas, Jutta and Hildegard: The Biographical Sources Christoph. T. Maier, Crusade Propaganda and Ideology: Model Sermons for the Preaching of the Cross Diana Norman, Siena and the Virgin: Art and Politics in a Late Medieval City State David Dymond (ed), The Register of Thetford Priory, Part 1, 1482–1517 David Dymond (ed), The Register of Thetford Priory, Part 2, 1518–1540 Wilfrid McGreal, John of the Cross (Fount Christian Thinkers) Peta Dunstan, This Poor Sort: A History of the European Province of the Society of St Francis Yirmiyahu Yovel, Dark Riddle: Hegel, Nietzsche and the Jews Terence Irwin (ed), Classical Philosophy Christopher Bruell, On the Socratic Education: An Introduction to the Shorter Platonic Dialogues Gareth B. Matthews, Socratic Perplexity Ralph McInerny, Aquinas and Analogy Paul Vincent Spade (ed), The Cambridge Companion to Ockham René Descartes, Regulae ad Directionem Ingenii: Rules for the Direction of the Natural Intelligence (Studies in the History of Ideas in the Low Countries) Robert Sokolowski, Introduction to Phenomenology Janna Thompson, Discourse and Knowledge: Defence of a Collectivist Ethics David Carr and Jan Steutel (eds), Virtue Ethics and Moral Education Daniel McInerny, The Common Things: Essays on Thomism and Education Gary Gutting, Pragmatic Liberalism and the Critique of Modernity (Modern European Philosophy) David Schmidtz and Robert E. Goodin, Social Welfare and Individual Responsibility: For and Against Peter H. Sedgwick, The Market Economy and Christian Ethics     

Book Reviews

Gerd Lüdemann The Unholy in Holy Scripture: The Dark Side of the Bible Bruce Chilton and Jacob Neusner Judaism in the New Testament: Practices and Beliefs Burton L. Visotzky Fathers of the World: Essays in Rabbinic and Patristic Literatures Dan Cohn-Sherbok The Jewish Messiah Michael Wise, Martin Abegg Jr and Edward Cook The Dead Sea Scrolls: A New Translation Philip F. Esler (ed.) Modelling Early Christianity: Social-Scientific Studies of the New Testament in its Context Halvor Moxnes (ed.) Constructing Early Christian Families: Family as Social Reality and Metaphor Gillian Clark (ed.) Augustine, Confessions, Books I–IV Elizabeth Clark (ed.) St Augustine on Marriage and Sexuality Roland J. Teske, S.J. Paradoxes of Time in Saint Augustine T. Kermit Scott Augustine: His Thought in Context Bernard McGinn and Willemien Otten (eds) Eriugena Hilmar M. Pabel Conversing with God: Prayer in Erasmus' Pastoral Writings James D. Tracy Erasmus of the Low Countries John C. Olin Erasmus, Utopia and the Jesuits Wolfgang Behringer Witchcraft Persecutions in Bavaria: Popular Magic, Religious Zealotry and Reason of State in Early Modern Europe W. B. Patterson King James VI and I and the Reunion of Christendom Pamela Kirk Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz: Religion, Art and Feminism Nigel Aston (ed.) Religious Change in Europe 1650–1914: Essays for John McManners James H. Murphy Catholic Fiction and Social Reality in Ireland 1873–1922 R. L. Brett Faith and Doubt: Religion and Secularization in Literature from Wordsworth to Larkin Lawrence J. McCaffrey The Irish Catholic Diaspora in America Robert H. Craig Religion and Radical Politics: An Alternative Christian Tradition in the United States John P. Boyle Church Teaching Authority: Historical and Theological Studies Servais Pinckaers The Sources of Christian Ethics David J. Atkinson and David H. Field (eds) New Dictionary of Christian Ethics and Pastoral Theology André Bélanger The Ethics of Catholicism and the Consecration of the Intellectual Garth L. Hallett Greater Good: The Case for Proportionalism Ronald Cole-Turner (ed.) Human Cloning: Religious Responses Wesley Cragg The Practice of Punishment: Towards a Theory of Restorative Justice Stephen G. Post The Moral Challenge of Alzheimer Disease David Lamb Organ Transplants and Ethics Jon Davies and Gerard Loughlin (eds) Sex These Days: Essays on Theology, Sexuality and Society Martha C. Nussbaum Cultivating Humanity: A Classical Defense of Reform in Liberal Education Kathleen Coyle Mary in the Christian Tradition: From a Contemporary Perspective Thomas S. Hibbs Dialectic and Narrative in Aquinas: An Interpretation of the ‘Summa Contra Gentiles’ Eugene F. Rogers Thomas Aquinas and Karl Barth: Sacred Knowledge and the Natural Knowledge of God Robert Krieg Romano Guardini John Swindells (ed.) A Human Search: Bede Griffiths' Reflections on his Life Kjell Nordstokke Council and Context in Leonardo Boff's Ecclesiology: The Rebirth of the Church among the Poor Stephen Everson (ed.) Companions to Ancient Thought, Vol. 4: Ethics Mark L. McPherran (ed.) Wisdom, Ignorance and Virtue: New Essays in Socratic Studies Nicholas D. Smith (ed.) Plato: Critical Assessments John Inglis Spheres of Philosophical Inquiry and the Historiography of Medieval Philosophy Athanasios Moulakis and Peter von Silvers (eds) The Collected Works of Eric Voegelin, 19 and 20: History of Political Ideas,Volumes 1 and 2     

Phonotactic regularities in the segmentation of spoken Italian

Five word-spotting experiments explored the role of consonantal and vocalic phonotactic cues in the segmentation of spoken Italian. The first set of experiments tested listeners’ sensitivity to phonotactic constraints cueing syllable boundaries. Participants were slower in spotting words in nonsense strings when target onsets were misaligned (e.g., lago in ri.blago) than when they were aligned (e.g., lago in rin.lago) with phonotactically determined syllabic boundaries. This effect held also for sequences that occur only word-medially (e.g., /tl/ in ri.tlago), and competition effects could not account for the disadvantage in the misaligned condition. Similarly, target detections were slower when their offsets were misaligned (e.g., cittá in cittáu.ba) than when they were aligned (e.g., cittá in cittá.oba) with a phonotactic syllabic boundary. The second set of experiments tested listeners’ sensitivity to phonotactic cues, which specifically signal lexical (and not just syllable) boundaries. Results corroborate the role of syllabic information in speech segmentation and suggest that Italian listeners make little use of additional phonotactic information that specifically cues word boundaries.     

Day-to-day living with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Towards a family-based approach to the illness impacts

Objective: This study explores the perspectives of both patients and family members regarding the impact of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in their family life.

Design: An exploratory qualitative study was conducted with patients and their family members in the chronic phase of COPD. Individual interviews were performed to explore participants’ perspectives and submitted to thematic analysis.

Results: Six major themes emerged from patients’ perspective: (1) impact of COPD symptoms on personal and family daily life; (2) (over)protective family support; (3) difficulties in couple communication; (4) sense of identity loss; (5) fear of COPD progression; and (6) coping resources. Five main themes emerged from the family members’ perspective: (1) restrictions in family’s social life; (2) emotional distress related to COPD exacerbations; (3) tension in couple relationship; (4) financial strain of COPD; and (5) coping resources.

Conclusions: The overall findings illustrate the complex interaction between the experience of living with COPD and communication patterns, emotional states, social support and social roles within the family. The results highlight the need to develop family-based interventions to facilitate a functional adjustment to COPD. However, these interventions in COPD remain undeveloped and empirical evidence is needed.     

Reviews

Books reviewed in this article: Carsten Peter Thiede, The Dead Sea Scrolls and the Jewish Origins of Christianity Markus Bockmuehl (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Jesus Paul Copan and Craig A. Evans (eds), Who Was Jesus? A Jewish–Christian Dialogue David F. Ford and Mike Higton (eds), Jesus Reimund Bieringer, Didier Pollefeyt and Frederique Vandecasteele–Vanneuville (eds), Anti–Judaism and the Fourth Gospel Tania Oldenhage, Parables for Our Time: Rereading New Testament Scholarship after the Holocaust Steve Moyise (ed.), Studies in the Book of Revelation Stephen R. Haynes, Noah's Curse: The Biblical Justification of American Slavery George Herring, What was the Oxford Movement? Peter J. Bowler, Reconciling Science and Religion: The Debate in Early Twentieth–Century Britain Giles Fraser, Redeeming Nietzsche: On the Piety of Unbelief Theo Hobson, The Rhetorical Word: Protestant Theology and the Rhetoric of Authority Carl E. Braaten and Robert W. Jenson (eds), The Last Things: Biblical and Theological Perspectives on Eschatology Oliver Davies, A Theology of Compassion: Metaphysics of Difference and the Renewal of Tradition W. Montgomery Watt, A Christian Faith for Today Alex Wright, Why Bother With Theology? Teresa Berger (ed.), Dissident Daughters: Feminist Liturgies in Global Context John G. Stackhouse, Jr. (ed.), No Other God's Before Me? Evangelicals and the Challenge of World Religions Mark Atherton (ed.), Celts and Christians: New Approaches to the Religious Traditions of Britain and Ireland Yossi Klein Halevi, William Morrow, At the Entrance to the Garden of Eden: A Search for God with Christians and Muslims in the Holy Land Richard K. Fenn, Beyond Idols: The Shape of a Secular Society Robert Durback (ed.), Henri Nouwen: In My Own Words Raymond Plant, Politics, Theology and History Peter Coles (ed.), The Routledge Companion to the New Cosmology Wesley Carr et al (eds), The New Dictionary of Pastoral Studies     

FROM EVOLUTIONARY CONSCIOUSNESS TO CONSCIOUS EVOLUTION: ARE WE IN CONTROL?

This article discusses implicit assumptions in the conference theme to understand the complexity involved in trying to gain control of globalization, in particular: (1) We, (2) being in control (not only in cybernetic way) and (3) globalization. I introduce distinctions between single conscious agents, systems of conscious agents, and emergent we, as a collective entity understood as a Collective Being (a complex, multidimensional society to be studied with multiple, systemic knowledge) that has collective consciousness. The focus is the issue of being in control. This issue is understood as the ability to design and manage emergent processes of development.     

The PIG in sPrInG: Evidence on letter grouping from the reading of buried words

We introduce a novel procedure for investigating factors that determine selective attention to letters in words. Participants were presented with words (in Experiments 1 and 3) and nonwords (in Experiment 2) that contained a buried word whose letters differed in color relative to the other letters present (e.g.,pig, in spring). The strings were presented in single case or mixed case, keeping the letters of the buried words in one case (SpRiNg). The time in which the whole stimulus was named was shorter for same-case than for mixed-case strings (forspring: spring < SpRiNg). In contrast, the time in which buried words were named was shorter in mixed- than in same-case strings (forpig: spring > SpRiNg). Across items, the effects of case mixing were negatively correlated across the two tasks. The positive effect of case mixing for buried words also occurred irrespective of whether the whole string was a word or a nonword, and there were contributions from similarity of both letter size and case. The results suggest that case mixing can facilitate selective attention to letters, which is otherwise disrupted by size- and case-based grouping across letter strings. The study provides evidence for letter grouping using size and case information.     

Subjective determinants of attraction: Self-perceived causes of the rise and decline of liking,love, and being in love

Eighty-one female students at a German university were asked to indicate in writing (a) how they would come to like, love, and be in love with someone, and (b) how in their case liking, loving, and being in love with someone would come to an end. The responses were analyzed using a comprehensive list of 117 determinants developed for this study, which were grouped into four causal categories–P (person), O (other), P×O (relational), and E (environmental) conditions. Regarding the rise of attraction, the most frequent determinant for liking and for being in love was the existence of positive attributes of O (69% and 63%); for love, it was the existence of positive feelings from O (29%). Regarding the decline of attraction, the most frequent determinant for liking was negative behavior on O's part (42%); for love, abuse of one's trust by O (25%); and for being in love, disillusionment with regard to O (44%). Further analyses (including ANOVAs) involved the mean frequencies for the four causal categories. Concerning the rise of attraction sentiments, P causes were predominant for love and O causes were predominant for liking and for being in love; P×O causes were particularly infrequent for being in love. Concerning the decline of attraction sentiments, only for liking was one causal category predominant (O causes). E causes were hardly mentioned for both the rise and the decline focus. The findings are discussed in the context of both the more traditional research on “objective” determinants of attraction and, in particular, of recent research on the subjective (common-sense or implicit) understanding of liking, love, and being in love.     

Journal Reviews

Astor , J. (London). ‘A conversation with Dr Michael Fordham.’Journal of Child Psychotherapy Astor , J. (London). ‘Adolescent states of mind found in patients of different ages seen in analysis.’Journal of Child Psychotherapy Blomeyer , R. (Berlin) ‘Der Umgang des Analytikers mit der Analyse’ (The interrelationship between the analyst and the analysis). Analytische Psychologie Blomeyer , Rudolf (Berlin). ‘Analytische Psychologie und Ich-Psychologie’. (Analytical Psychology and Ego-Psychology). Analytical Psychology Rudolf Blomeyer . ‘Anmerkungen zur Typologie’ (Comment on typology). Analytische Psychologie Corbett , L. Kugler , P. ‘The self in Jung and Kohut’ in Progress in self Psychology Dehing , J. ‘Jung aus der Sicht der anderen: anlässlich einiger Kritiken von Seiten der Freudianer.’ (Jung as others see him: some Freudian criticisms.) Analytische Psychologie Erlenmeyer , A. ‘Das kannabalische Phantasma—eine Annäherung’ (Cannibalistic fantasy—an appraisal). Analytische Psychologie Giera -Krapp , Margitta (Berlin). ‘Constellation of the good/bad mother archetype in the treatment of early disturbances.’Analytische Psychologie Lyard , D. (Paris). ‘Le corps et la “redonne” archetypique de l'adolescence.’ (The body and archetypal rebirth in adolescence) in Cahiers jungiens de psychanalyse Noschis , K. (Geneva). ‘La maison du jour et de la nuit’ (The house by day and by night). Le Journal des Psychologues “Le langage de notre intérieur” (The language of our interior). Les Cahiers Médicosociaux Erenest L. Rossi . ‘Mind Body Therapy: methods of ideodynamic healing in hypnosis.’ Norton Professional Books. New York. Samuels , A. (London). ‘Pluralism and the post-Jungians: A reply to Peter Bishop.’ Spring. Samuels , Andrew . (London). ‘A relation called father—Part I: The father in depth psychology.’British Journal of Psychotherapy Steinberg , Warren . (New York). ‘The Fear of Success’. Quadrant Thibaudier , Vivane (Paris). ‘La notion de Grande Mère dans l'optique Jungienne’Cahiers Jungiens de Psychanalyse     

Bradley — Terry — Luce models to incorporate within‐pair order effects: Representation and uniqueness theorems

The paper presents different representation theorems for the Bradley — Terry — Luce (BTL) models of Beaver and Gokhale and of Davidson and Beaver. In particular, algorithms that can be used in constructing BTL scales are provided. The uniqueness theorems show that the Davidson — Beaver model should be preferred to the Beaver — Gokhale model since the multiplicative order effect parameter is uniquely determined whereas the additive effect parameter is merely a ratio scale. Finally, a relationship to the simple BTL model is established. Let p(a, b) denote the probability that a is chosen when (a, b) is presented in a fixed order. Then the probabilities p(a, b) satisfy the Beaver — Gokhale model if and only if the balanced probabilities p_b(a, b):= ½ (p(a, b) + 1–p (b, a)) satisfy the simple BTL model.     

Learning from Spiritual Models and Meditation: A Randomized Evaluation of a College Course

Effects of two meditation and mindfulness-based spiritual interventions were examined in college undergraduates (N=44). Compared to a control group, both interventions decreased negative religious coping (d=−0.80, p<.01) and images of God as mainly controlling (d=−.73, p<.01). One intervention provided more training in tools for learning from community and tradition-based spiritual exemplars. It produced gains in famous or traditional spiritual exemplars’ perceived influence (d=+.81, p<.05) and availability (d=+.66, p<.10), in self-efficacy for learning from spiritual exemplars (d=+.92, p<.05), and in nonmaterialistic aspirations (d=+0.65, p<.05).