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使用2-AFC任务,对汉语相似启动中的偏好效应进行研究。结果表明:与联想相比,语义相似对产生启动更有帮助;相似启动中存在偏好效应,但偏好方向发生了改变。 相似文献
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词优效应是语言学习中的一个普遍现象。关于英语母语者和汉语母语者的研究都发现了词优效应。本研究关注非熟练的韩国汉语学习者的中文词汇加工中的词优效应,共两个实验:实验1考察汉字的频率对非熟练的韩国汉语学习者中文词汇加工中词优效应的影响;实验2考察汉字和词之间的语义关系(词汇的结构)对非熟练的韩国汉语学习者中文词汇加工中词优效应的影响。实验1的结果发现,字频并未对非熟练的韩国汉语学习者中文词汇加工中的词优效应产生影响,非熟练的韩国汉语学习者在高频字和低频字的识别中都出现了词优效应,且词优效应的大小没有显著差异。这说明非熟练的韩国汉语学习者在高、低频字的识别中都依赖于自上而下的词汇水平的激活。实验2的结果发现,汉字和词之间的语义关系(词汇结构)影响词优效应,相对于并列结构的词汇加工,在偏正结构的词语加工中更容易出现词优效应。这个结果表明词汇的结构通过影响词水平和字水平之间的交互激活,进而影响中文词汇加工中的词优效应。 相似文献
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结构对称性汉语成语的认知研究 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
运用命名作业,从识别和再认两个方面探讨了结构对称性汉语成语的认知特点,结果发现:(1)成语识别有显著的结构对称效应和熟悉度效应;结构对称性成语的识别明显快于非对称性成语,高熟悉度成语的识别明显快于低熟悉度的成语。(2)成语再认的反应时有显著的结构对称效应,熟悉度效应不显著;而反应错误率则有显著的熟悉度效应,结构对称效应不显著。上述结果都不存在结构对称性和熟悉度之间的显著的交互作用。现有的西方拼音文字认知模型不能恰当地解释汉语成语的认知特点。 相似文献
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4~6岁是幼儿句法习得的关键期,此阶段的句法表征是否受到词汇信息的影响尚存理论争议。采用句法启动范式中的句子重复-图片描述任务,以句法选择比率为指标,借助汉语及物结构(主动句、把字句和被动句),分析了幼儿在句子产生时句法结构和动词重复的作用。结果显示三种句法结构都诱发了抽象启动效应,证实幼儿在习得汉语句法知识时不依赖词汇信息。同时,动词重复只有在大龄幼儿(5~6岁)主动句的启动中才能提升启动量,表明动词增强效应与幼儿年龄以及句法结构偏好有关。此外,因句法结构偏好差异,三种结构间产生了逆偏好效应。以上结果可以从内隐学习理论的角度进行解释。 相似文献
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面孔种族效应是指个体对本族面孔与他族面孔的加工存在差异,即对本族面孔的识别比他族面孔更快速、更准确,而对他族面孔的分类则优于本族面孔。经验是否以及如何影响面孔种族效应的发展,一直是研究者关注的焦点。近十几年,越来越多的学者对婴儿面孔种族效应进行了研究,已有成果主要涉及两个方面:(1)自然条件下婴儿面孔种族效应的出现与发展,即婴儿在面孔种族偏好、识别与分类以及面孔种族加工方式上的变化;(2)训练对婴儿面孔种族效应的影响。未来应丰富研究模式,增强实验材料的生态性,联合新的神经生理技术手段,进一步揭示婴儿经验对面孔种族效应的作用机制。 相似文献
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G. Wolters 《Acta psychologica》1980,44(3):269-279
Recent explanations of the word frequency effect in recognition studies (Gregg 1976; Glanzer and Bowles 1976) state that this effect occurs because words of high and low frequency differ in encoding variability and number of associative relations. These models suggest that the different recognition scores of high and low frequency words are the result of both more hits and less false positives on words that have a low frequency of occurence. As Morris (1978) showed, these models can also be applied on the effect of word imagery values on recognition performance.In the first experiment to be reported here the differential effects of words of high and low frequency and imagery values on hit and false positive rates were examined. The predicted results concerning high and low imagery values were indeed found, but the predictions with respect to high and low frequency words were not completely substantiated. However, it was shown that this deviation can be explained by a response bias effect.In a second experiment an assumption concerning the underlying distributions of high and low imagery ‘old’ and ‘new’ items was tested. In accord with the expectation it was found that the distributions of ‘old’ high and low imagery words did not differ, but that there was a clear difference in the distributions of ‘new’ high and low imagery words. 相似文献
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研究旨在探讨个体分类倾向的发展趋势与影响因素.实验一采用图片、文字两种方式呈现实验材料,并使用不同指导语.要求被试选择三个事物中关系更近的两个.结果表明,成人比儿童具有更显著的按照主题分类的倾向,实验材料的呈现方式对于被试分类倾向没有显著影响.实验二进一步考察了分类倾向的发展轨迹,随着年龄增长,个体按照主题划分事物的倾向增强,由倾向于按照分类学规则向按照主题分类的转变可能发生在小学低中年级之间. 相似文献
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该研究通过词汇判断作业考察了中文双字合成词的心理表征问题。目标刺激为高频透明、高频不透明、低频透明、低频不透明词各12个和48个假词,被试任务为即既又准的判断目标刺激是否是一个词。结果发现,高频词的词汇判断速度快于低频词,透明词的词汇判断速度快于不透明词,词频和语义透明度有显著的交互作用。透明度对低频词的识别所起的作用大于对高频词的识别所起的作用。 相似文献
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Event-related brain potentials dissociate repetition effects of high-and low-frequency words 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
Michael D. Rugg 《Memory & cognition》1990,18(4):367-379
Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded while subjects detected nonwords interspersed among sequences of words of high or low frequency of occurrence. In Phase 1, a proportion of the words were repeated after six intervening items. In Phase 2, which followed after a break of approximately 15 min, the words were either repeats of items presented in the previous phase or new. Unrepeated low-frequency words evoked larger N400 components than did high-frequency items. In Phase 1, this effect interacted with repetition, such that no frequency effects were observed on N400s evoked by repeated words. In addition, the post-500-msec latency region of the ERPs exhibited a substantial repetition effect for low-frequency words, but did not differentiate unrepeated and repeated high-frequency words. In Phase 2, ERPs evoked by "old" and "new" high-frequency words did not differ in any latency region, while those evoked by old and new low-frequency words differed only after 500 msec. The interactive effects of frequency and repetition suggest that these variables act jointly at multiple loci during the processing of a word. The specificity of the post-500-msec repetition effect for low-frequency words may reflect a process responsive to a discrepancy between words' intra and extraexperimental familiarity. 相似文献
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Robert L. Greene 《Memory & cognition》1984,12(1):90-95
Two experiments studied the effect of intentionality of learning on memory for the frequency of occurrence of words on a list. Subjects who learned the items intentionally in preparation for an unspecified memory test remembered frequency as accurately as did those who studied specifically for a frequency-estimation test. Both groups recalled frequency information more accurately than did a group that learned the words incidentally. These results. along with a review of the literature. suggest that there is no strong evidence for the automatic encoding of frequency information. 相似文献
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汉语双字多义词的识别优势效应 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
采用词汇判断法、命名法考察汉语双字多义词的识别优势效应。结果发现,在词汇判断任务中存在着多义词较单义词的识别优势,但这种识别优势只表现在低频词中。在命名任务中未发现多义词的识别优势。作者根据分布表征模型的观点对双字多义词的识别优势效应做出了可能的解释。 相似文献
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Seven- and 10-year-old children were tested on memory and sex-role preference tasks. The memory task was the Wickens release from proactive inhibition paradigm in which short-term recall of words is tested on successive trials. On Trials 1–4, words were selected from one of two categories, either words with masculine or feminine connotations. On Trial 5, words were drawn from the second category. Sex-role preference was assessed by asking the child to select his favorite pictures from an array that included masculine and feminine items. Recall by boys at both ages increased following a shift between words with masculine or feminine connotations, suggesting that this dimension of a word's meaning was encoded in memory. Recall by girls who selected a feminine item as their favorite on the sex-role preference task increased following a category shift; recall by girls who chose a masculine item did not increase. These results are discussed in relation to previous research on the attributes of encoding in children's memory. 相似文献
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When researchers are interested in the influence of long-term knowledge on performance, printed word frequency is typically the variable of choice. Despite this preference, we know little about what frequency norms measure. They ostensibly index how often and how recently words are experienced, but words appear in context, so frequency potentially reflects an influence of connections with other words. This paper presents the results of a large free association study as well as the results of experiments designed to evaluate the hypothesis that common words have stronger connections to other words. The norms indicate that common words tend to be more concrete but they do not appear to have more associates, stronger associates, or more connections among their associates. Two extralist cued recall experiments showed that, with other attributes being equal, high- and low-frequency words were equally effective as test cues. These results suggest that frequency does not achieve its effects because of stronger or greater numbers of connections to other words, as implied in SAM. Other results indicated that common words have more connections from other words, including their associates, and that free association provides a valid index of associative strength. 相似文献
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Three experiments were designed to study the effect of the monotony of experimental lists on the level of processing of auditorily presented words. Monotonous lists were homogeneously made up of monosyllabic items and were contrasted to heterogeneous lists containing monosyllabic and bisyllabic items. The subjects' task consisted, first, in carefully listening to an experimental list made up of an equal number of words and nonwords, and second, in subjectively evaluating the actual number of words having been presented to them. Globally, it was found that subjects underestimate the number of words contained in homogeneous monosyllabic lists but not in heterogeneous ones. The first two experiments revealed that such a result held whatever the frequency of the words presented. The third experiment showed that the use of concrete words did not affect the subjective estimation of the number of words in homogeneous lists. It was concluded that words are differentially encoded as a function of the structure of the experimental list in which they are embedded. Taken together, these results suggest that the performance differences observed as a function of the list type originate in the encoding rather than retrieval processes. 相似文献