The Theory of Epistemic Justification and the Theory of Knowledge: A Divorce

Richard Foley has suggested that the search for a good theory of epistemic justification and the analysis of knowledge should be conceived of as two distinct projects. However, he has not offered much support for this claim, beyond highlighting certain salutary consequences it might have. In this paper, I offer some further support for Foley’s claim by offering an argument and a way to conceive the claim in a way that makes it as plausible as its denial, and thus levelling the playing field. The burden of proof then lies with those who seek to deny Foley’s radical suggestion.     

The Scandal of Reason: A Critical Theory of Political Judgment

Abstract

Carruthers argues that knowledge of our own propositional attitudes is achieved by the same mechanism used to attain knowledge of other people’s minds. This seems incompatible with ‘privileged access’ – the idea that we have more reliable beliefs about our own mental states, regardless of the mechanism. At one point Carruthers seems to suggest he may be able to maintain privileged access, because we have additional sensory information in our own case. We raise a number of worries for this suggestion, concluding that Carruthers’s new theory cannot clearly preserve the superior reliability of our beliefs about our own attitudes.     

道德理论的新进展--道德判断的社会直觉模式

道德判断的研究一直遵循皮亚杰和柯尔伯格的理性主义模式．但随着人们对认知双重过程论的逐渐认可,传统的道德判断理论受到了挑战。本文介绍了道德判断的一种新的理论模式——道德判断的社会直觉模式。该理论认为,道德判断是由迅速、自动的评价(直觉)所导致。     

Managing a Sales Territory: A Comparison of Industrial Goods and Consumer Goods Sales Representatives

Abstract

What do the rapid changes in the environment faced by consumer goods marketers portend for their salesforces? They must change as well in order to meet the shifting requirements for successful marketing in the early 1980's. Effective sales territory management can be an important instrument for sales representatives in meeting these challenges. Sales territory management is one area, it would appear, where consumer goods marketers can learn a good deal from their counterparts in industrial goods salesforces.     

Identity, Reasoning, and Emotion: An Empirical Comparison of Three Sources of Moral Motivation

Prior research on moral motivation has primarily emphasized moral reasoning and moral emotion; however, identity may also play an important role. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to examine the relative importance of prosocial identity, prosocial moral reasoning, and empathy in predicting prosocial behavior. The sample included 91 university students, ages 19–35 years (M=21.89; SD=3.01; 80% European American; 65% female). Prosocial identity and empathy, but not prosocial moral reasoning, were positively associated with overall prosocial behavior. Exploratory analyses examined how these three sources of prosocial motivation differentially related to six forms of prosocial behavior. Results suggest the importance of considering the roles of all three sources of moral motivation.     

作为多层面理论的美学——植根东方，寻求心智之源

我为这次会议准备了三个问题,我将集中讨论对整个美学以及亚洲美学原理的思索会在当今世界文化中所起的作用.1995年在深圳举办的美学会议曾预言21世纪将会是一个跨文化美学的世纪;去年在日本举办了第十五届国际美学会议,会议非常重视对亚洲主要美学传统进行的最新研究;这些都非常清楚地表明,我们作为学者所关注的领域在世界许多不同地区都起到了关键的作用.这一现象有其内在的和外在的原因,这正是我打算在此次会议中加以论述的.     

当代西方知识论研究的补白之作--评《知识与确证--当代知识论引论》

知识论几乎和西方哲学的历史一样古老 ,是西方哲学传统中的一种极其重要的理论。由于传统知识论研究主要集中在对认识活动及知识成果的发生学考察 ,致力于对知识起源的研究 ,因之 ,西方哲学界过去乃至现在通常把传统的知识论理解为“认识论”。但知识论的研究在当代发生了形态上的根本变革 ,“葛梯尔问题”的提出 ,使知识论的研究转变为对知识本身之所以为真的条件的研究上 ,尤其是知识的确证 (justification)问题成了当代知识论研究的中心问题。这无疑是一个范式的转换 ,而恰是此种范式的转换廓清了认识论与知识论之间的界限 ,使知识论的研…     

科技时代的替代经验与道德的个人亲证问题

人对自己生活于其中的科技时代的批判,是与人的自我意识一同发生的。当今世界,科技已越来越被当作自主的、异在于人的并沿着非人性化的惯性而展开的过程。如何对这一过程重新进行人化?如何使现代人具有科技进步时代的人的内容的清醒意识?这是每一个人文学者必须给予严肃关注的问题。从道德本性的角度视之,科技社会所制造的大量的替代经验对道德实践基础的蚕食和颠覆,具有根本的决定性的作用。因此,在科技社会中如何确立实践智慧、个人亲证在道德领域里的独立性,对于避免当代人的“道德孤儿”的命运,便具有头等重要的意义。     

Empirically Informed Moral Theory: A Sketch of the Landscape

This introduction to the special issue on empirically informed moral theory sketches the more important contributions to the field in the past several years. Attention is paid to experimental philosophy, the work of philosophers like Harman and Doris, and that of psychologists like Haidt and Hauser.     

The Near-Death Experience: Knowledge and Attitudes of College Students

There is a considerable literature documenting the effects of a near-death experience (NDE) on persons who actually undergo the experience, in terms of their attitudes and opinions about NDEs. However, investigations of how much nonexperiencers know about NDEs and their attitudes towards them are in short supply. This study examined the relationship in people who have not had an NDE between attitudes toward and knowledge of near-death experiences. Subjects were undergraduate students, with a mean age of 32 years. The Near-Death Phenomena Knowledge and Attitudes Questionnaire was employed to assess attitudes toward and knowledge of NDEs. Results indicated that both knowledge and attitudes were relatively normally distributed, and that level of knowledge significantly predicted attitudes towards NDEs, accounting for 34 percent of the common variance.     

Growing Pains: A Theory of Stress and Moral Conflict

This article outlines a relationship between the crises that create stress in our lives and periods of instability in moral development. Stressful issues, we suggest, are more difficult to resolve during periods of developmental instability. When problems are most stressful we often experience the impact of that stress physiologically. The physiological symptoms of stress, we argue, reflect unresolved problems in primary relationships that occurred during the early (sensorimotor) developmental stages when feelings are experienced physiologically. In this way the physiological symptoms of stress become a metaphoric map for the developmental resolution of moral issues. Thus, stress and its symptoms, rather than becoming debilitating, can be reconstructed as “Growing Pains.”     

The Stability Theory of Knowledge and Belief Revision: Comments on Rott

In this commentary on Rotts paper Stability, Strength and Sensitivity: Converting Belief into Knowledge, I discuss two problems of the stability theory of knowledge which are pointed out by Rott. I conclude that these problems offer no reason for rejecting the stability theory, but might be grounds for deviating from the standard AGM account of belief revision which Rott presupposes.     

衰落之后:后期批判理论中的理性之光

早期法兰克福学派理论家宣称,理性在自我清算中已终结自身,因此置批判理论于困境之中。哈贝马斯背离传统理性观,通过合理重建为理性寻找新的基础,以挽救启蒙传统中的批判能量,激起了广泛的批评。在超越了理性启蒙和理性他者的反启蒙时代而进入理由的时代后,哈贝马斯召回与慎思纠缠的认知主义时刻,诉诸理性评判和给出理由,从而达成合理共识,彰显了交往合理性的价值;但将合理化扩展至社会领域时,对理性的社会功能,依然需要保持警惕。     

论自然律与因果知识的知觉经验基础

<正>一、引论自休谟以来,特别是在科学哲学的演进中,自然律理论与因果理论从来是不可分离的。相比而言,自然律理论具有某种优先地位。因为按照休谟的广为接受的论证,人类的知觉经验并不能直接辩