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1.
I argue that standard decision theories, namely causal decision theory and evidential decision theory, both are unsatisfactory.
I devise a new decision theory, from which, under certain conditions, standard game theory can be derived.
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2.
Decision making for incompetent patients is a much-discussed topic in bioethics. According to one influential decision making
standard, the substituted judgment standard, a surrogate decision maker ought to make the decision that the incompetent patient
would have made, had he or she been competent. Empirical research has been conducted in order to find out whether surrogate
decision makers are sufficiently good at doing their job, as this is defined by the substituted judgment standard. This research
investigates to what extent surrogates are able to predict what the patient would have preferred in the relevant circumstances.
In this paper we address a methodological shortcoming evident in a significant number of studies. The mistake consists in
categorizing responses that only express uncertainty as predictions that the patient would be positive to treatment, on the
grounds that the clinical default is to provide treatment unless it is refused. We argue that this practice is based on confusion
and that it risks damaging the research on surrogate accuracy.
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3.
The major purpose of this paper is to propose a comprehensive model describing the effects of response sets within the theory
framework of the stages of responding to questionnaires, and taking into account the effects of collectivist and individualist
attributes within cross-cultural contexts. The introduction of this model aims to provide a construct that may help minimize
biases in questionnaire-based research as well as providing new directions for theoretical and empirical research in the field
of response sets.
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4.
The concept of flow is briefly reviewed and several theoretical and methodological problems related to flow research are discussed.
In three studies, we attempted to avoid these problems by measuring the experience of flow in its components, rather than
operationally defining flow in terms of challenge and skill. With this measure, we tested the assumption that experience of
flow substantially depends on the balance of challenge and skill. This assumption could only be partially supported, and,
as expected, this relationship was moderated by the (perceived) importance of the activity and by the achievement motive.
Furthermore, flow predicted performance in two of the three studies.
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5.
In this introduction we discuss the motivation behind the workshop “Towards a New Epistemology of Mathematics” of which this
special issue constitutes the proceedings. We elaborate on historical and empirical aspects of the desired new epistemology,
connect it to the public image of mathematics, and give a summary and an introduction to the contributions to this issue.
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6.
Phenomenology of the body and the third generation of cognitive science, both of which attribute a central role in human cognition
to the body rather than to the Cartesian notion of representation, face the criticism that higher-level cognition cannot be
fully grasped by those studies. The problem here is how explicit representations, consciousness, and thoughts issue from perception
and the body, and how they cooperate in human cognition. In order to address this problem, we propose a research program,
a cognitive phenomenology of the body, which is basically motivated by the perspective of Merleau-Ponty. We find a substantial clue in developmental psychological
studies on the body and language.
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7.
This paper examines some of the illustrative features of doing participant observation research with Muslims both in the field
and back “home.” It is based on my experiences of conducting research in East Java, Indonesia in the classicalist Islamic
boarding schools. My religious subjectivity was important to my research in a number of ways including: (1) the ways in which
the community tried to define my subjectivity; (2) the nature of my personal religious subjectivity; and (3) academic interpretations
of my role and my subject position vis-à-vis Islam and the profession of anthropology.
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8.
Moral theory has mostly focused on idealized situations in which the morally relevant properties of human actions can be known
beforehand. Here, a framework is proposed that is intended to sharpen moral intuitions and improve moral argumentation in
problems involving risk and uncertainty. Guidelines are proposed for a systematic search of suitable future viewpoints for
hypothetical retrospection. In hypothetical retrospection, a decision is evaluated under the assumption that one of the branches
of possible future developments has materialized. This evaluation is based on the deliberator’s present values, and each decision
is judged in relation to the information available when it was taken. The basic decision rule is to choose an alternative
that comes out as morally acceptable (permissible) from all hypothetical retrospections.
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9.
The passionate response of many American Catholics to the clergy sex abuse crisis is an expression not only of legitimate
anger over the sexual abuse of children and young people by Roman Catholic priests but also of resistance to mourning the
significant losses post-immigrant American Catholics sustained in the last third of the twentieth century.
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10.
Terror management research has typically found that people respond harshly toward offending others when reminded of their
mortality. In the current research we examined whether mortality salience would increase attitudes of forgiveness toward such
individuals, especially among those with high trait empathy. Consistent with prior research, Study 1 showed that mortality
salience increased forgiveness of a violent hockey player, but only if this person was a member of the ingroup. Study 2 showed
that mortality (vs. dental pain) salience led persons high in trait empathy to forgive the same violent hockey player regardless
of his group membership. Implications for increasing forgiveness and prosocial behavior in intergroup contexts are briefly
discussed.
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11.
I reject the traditional picture of philosophical withdrawal in the Hellenistic Age by showing how both Epicureans and Stoics
oppose, in different ways, the Platonic and Aristotelian assumption that contemplative activity is the greatest good for a
human being. Chrysippus the Stoic agrees with Plato and Aristotle that the greatest good for a human being is virtuous activity,
but he denies that contemplation exercises virtue. Epicurus more thoroughly rejects the assumption that the greatest good
for a human being is virtuous activity. He maintains that the greatest good for a human being is the tranquility that virtuous
activity always and contemplative activity sometimes brings about.
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12.
Harry Collins interprets Hubert Dreyfus’s philosophy of embodiment as a criticism of all possible forms of artificial intelligence.
I argue that this characterization is inaccurate and predicated upon a misunderstanding of the relevance of phenomenology
for empirical scientific research.
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13.
Along with concerns about the deleterious effects of politically driven government intervention on science are the intrusion
of private sector interests into the conduct of research and the reporting of its results. Scientists are generally unprepared
for the challenges posed by private interests seeking to advance their economic, political, or ideological agendas. They must
educate and prepare themselves for assaults on scientific freedom, not because it is a legal right, but rather because social
progress depends on it.
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14.
Relatively little is known about the factor structure of disruptive behavior among preadolescent girls. The present study
reports on exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of disruptive girl behavior over four successive data waves as rated
by parents and teachers in a large, representative community sample of girls ( N = 2,451). Five factors were identified from parent ratings (oppositional behavior/conduct problems, inattention, hyperactivity/impulsivity,
relational aggression, and callous-unemotional behaviors), and four factors were identified derived from teacher ratings (oppositional
behavior/conduct problems/callous-unemotional behaviors, inattention, hyperactivityimpulsivity, and relational aggression).
There was a high degree of consistency of items loading on equivalent factors across parent and teacher ratings. Year-to-year
stability of factors between ages five and 12 was high for parent ratings (ICC = 0.70 to 0.88), and slightly lower for teacher
ratings (ICC = 0.56 to 0.83). These findings are discussed in terms of possible adjustment to the criteria for children's
disruptive behavior disorders found in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders.
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15.
Neo-liberal society asserts that adults should be independent and responsible for themselves, and that children and adolescents
should be dependent on their parents. The earlier construction of the concept of adolescence makes this seem obviously true.
Yet if we remember that “adolescence” was part of a project of gender, race, and class construction, it becomes easier to
ask whether adolescence is a meaningful concept and a stage of life or whether it continues to be a component of an ideology
that relies on the construction of “others.” In this chapter, I suggest that adolescence plays the latter role, and that although
the naturalization of adolescence is particularly dangerous for groups like queer youth who are at the margins of society,
it is dangerous for all young people because it limits sexual agency. This is particularly important because increasingly
society requires that young people consider their futures not from the assumption that they will move into well-defined roles,
but with the assumption that they will need to define new ways of relating.
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16.
It is widely believed that (1) if theological determinism were true, in virtue of God’s role in determining created agents
to perform evil actions, created agents would be neither free nor morally responsible for their evil actions and God would
not be perfectly good; (2) if metaphysical compatibilism were true, the free-will defense against the deductive problem of
evil would fail; and (3) on the assumption of metaphysical compatibilism, God could have actualized just any one of those
myriad possible worlds that are populated only by compatibilist free creatures. The primary thesis of this essay is that none
of these propositions is true. This thesis is defended by appealing to a recently proposed novel, acausal, composite, unified
theory of free action – the Theory of Middle Freedom – that evades the central problems plaguing traditional theories of metaphysical
compatibilism.
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17.
The design of interactive systems to be used in mobile and pervasive scenarios, such as emergency management, requires novel
methodologies which combine user-centred design approaches and software engineering approaches tailored for distributed architectures.
In this paper, the methodology adopted in a successful research project is presented together with a case study.
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18.
In this paper we discuss visualizations in mathematics from a historical and didactical perspective. We consider historical
debates from the 17th and 19th centuries regarding the role of intuition and visualizations in mathematics. We also consider
the problem of what a visualization in mathematical learning can achieve. In an empirical study we investigate what mathematical
conclusions university students made on the basis of a visualization. We emphasize that a visualization in mathematics should
always be considered in its proper context.
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20.
The approach that philosophers have taken to history has too often been one-dimensional. It is my aim in this paper to map
out a future multi-dimensional philosophy of history, by invoking the notion of a relation with the past, and by arguing for
the philosophical relevance of multiple such relations.
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