The comparability of the JEPI, JEPQ and EPQ among 15- to 16-yr olds

One hundred and ninety-one 15- to 16-yr olds completed the Junior Eysenck Personality Inventory (JEPI), the Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (JEPQ) and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ). In terms of the internal consistency of the test items, and the statistical independence of the scales, the EPQ emerges as the most satisfactory measure of personality dimensions in this age group.     

The Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire: An American sample

A sample of 1838 students enrolled in public schools in Merced, CA, responded to the Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (JEPQ). The students ranged in age from 7 to 15 yr and included 938 boys and 900 girls. Means and SDs for each age and sex were computed and compared to the corresponding values for the British sample presented in the manual. Differences between the two samples were small. In addition, a factor analysis of the item responses was conducted for the American sample. This analysis produced four factors closely corresponding to the scales on the JEPQ. This study along with previous literature indicate that the JEPQ is appropriate for use in the United States.     

Cross-cultural comparison of personality in Danish and English children

536 Danish boys and 575 Danish girls between the ages of 7 and 15 years filled out a translation of the Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnarie (JEPQ). The data were analyzed in terms of 4 scales which measure Psychoticism (P), Extraversion (E), Neuroticism (N), and Lying (L). Factor comparison indicated very good agreement between the scales of the Danish and English versions of the JEPQ. Reliabilities of the Danish L and N scales were satisfactory, while those for the P and E scales were lower but acceptable. Danish boys scored higher than Danish girls on P and E scales, but lower on N and L scales, in accordance with the usual sex difference seen in the JEPQ. A cross-cultural comparison of scores obtained by children in Denmark and in England showed that Danish boys scored significantly lower than British boys on N and L scales, while Danish girls scored lower than British girls on all scales, although the difference on the L scale was not statistically significant. The notion that L scale scores are related inversely to the degree of permissiveness of society is considered on the basis of findings obtained in the present and previous studies carried out using the JEPQ in Denmark, England, Hungary and Yugoslavia.     

RELIABILITY AND FACTORIAL VALIDITY OF THE JUNIOR EYSENCK PERSONALITY QUESTIONNAIRE IN ZIMBABWE

Six-hundred and thirteen girls and 601 boys in Zimbabwe completed the Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (JEPQ). The reliability of the Neuroticism (N) and Social Desirability (L) factors was acceptable but the Psychoticism (P) and Extraversion (E) factors possessed modest reliability. While the factorial validity of the P, N and L scales was acceptable, the factorial validity of the E scale was poor. L scores were significantly correlated with N and P scores among girls and boys. Whereas Zimbabwean girls reported higher P scores than did Canadian girls, Zimbabwean boys reported lower P scores than did Canadian boys. Zimbabwean girls and boys reported lower E and N and higher P scores than their Canadian counterparts. This study provides broad support for Eysenck's basic personality model, but it does not support the use of this version of the JEPQ, and especially the E scale, among Zimbabwean children.     

Arithmetic achievement as a function of introversion-extraversion and teacher-presented reward and punishment

Following Eysenck (1967), Gray (1973) and Wakefield (1979), it was hypothesized that the arithmetic achievement of extraverts would be better than introverts in those classrooms in which teacher-presented rewards predominated, and the arithmetic achievement of introverts would be better than extraverts in those classrooms in which teacher-presented punishment predominated. Five classrooms were rank-ordered according to their ratios of teacher-presented reward to teacher-presented punishment. A total of 101 fourth and fifth grade students from the five classrooms were then administered the Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (JEPQ) and an arithmetic pretest. Subsequent to 40 school days, the students were administered the arithmetic posttest. Partialling out arithmetic pretest scores, lie scale scores from the JEPQ, and total arithmetic raw scores from the Comprehensive Test of Basic Skills (CTBS), regression analysis of arithmetic posttest scores with the interaction of extraversion scores from the JEPQ and classroom rank-order of the ratio of teacher-presented reward to teacher-presented punishment yielded significant results supporting the hypothesis. Additional analysis indicated the presence of non-hypothesized interactions of the Psychoticism and Neuroticism scales of the JEPQ with reward-punishment and extraversion.     

A comparative study of personality in adults and children: Hong Kong vs England

The 90-item adult version of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire was translated into Chinese and administered to 270 male and 462 female subjects in Hong Kong. In a second study the 81-item version of the Junior EPQ (JEPQ) was translated into Chinese and given to 698 boys and 629 girls.Reasonably valid scales for use in Hong Kong are suggested for both adult and junior forms of the questionnaire. In a direct comparison of British and Chinese (Hong Kong) groups, using reduced scales comprising only items both scoring keys had in common. Hong Kong adults scored higher on Psychoticism and Social Desirability and lower on Extraversion than the British while children from Hong Kong scored lower on Extraversion and Neuroticism but higher on Social Desirability than their British counterparts. Indices of factor comparison were universally high, indicating that the major dimensions of personality were very similar in Hong Kong Chinese as in British subjects.     

FACTOR STRUCTURE AND VALIDATION OF THE JUNIOR EYSENCK PERSONALITY QUESTIONNAIRE BASED ON A ROMANIAN SAMPLE

A cross-cultural and clinical validity study of Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (JEPQ) was performed on a Romanian unselected sample of 865 children and a clinical sample of 387 children aged 10-15. The loading pattern of the original form of JEPQ on Romanian children was compared with the English loading pattern; disagreement was found for 17,6% of P items, 16.6% of E items, 15% of N items, and 15% of L items. Concordance between JEPQ scores and clinical diagnosis (conduct disorders, adjustment reactions, and schizoid disorder of childhood and adolescence) was high for E scale, lower, but acceptable for N scale, and reduced for P scale.     

Psychometric properties of the Big Five Questionnaire for Children (BFQ-C) in a Dutch sample of young adolescents

This study examined the reliability and validity of the Big Five Questionnaire for Children (BFQ-C), a recently developed self-report measure for assessing the basic personality dimensions of energy/extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional instability, and intellect/openness in youths (Barbaranelli, Caprara, Rabasca, & Pastorelli, 2003). A sample of adolescents (N = 222) completed the BFQ-C, the Junior version of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (JEPQ), and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Results showed that the BFQ-C had a clear-cut factor structure, good internal consistency, and sufficient validity as evidenced through its associations with the JEPQ and the measure of strengths and difficulties. An additional finding was that there was little overlap between children’s and parents’ Big Five personality.     

Social dissimulation,perceived competence and personality

The Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (JEPQ) (Eysenck and Eysenck, 1975) was completed by 129 boys (mean age 10 yr 10 months: SD = 4 months) and 119 girls (mean age 10 yr 11 months; SD = 3 months) from Belfast. Belfast boys' and girls' scores were significantly (P < 0.001) higher than the English standardisation data on psychoticism and extraversion, but their mean scores for neuroticism and the lie scale were remarkably similar. Belfast boys display significantly different intercorrelations in comparison with (i) the standardisation data—neuroticism/psychoticism (P < 0.01) and lie scale/neuroticism (P < 0.05)—and (ii) Belfast girls—neuroticism/psychoticism (P < 0.05). Psychoticism appears to play a highly salient role in Belfast boys' self-construals. Most of these pupils (n = 189) also completed the Perceived Competence Scale for Children (PCSC) (Harter, 1982). The PCSC minimises social dissimulation: the highest positive correlation with the lie scale being (r = 0.1). Correlations with the domains of the PCSC display the saliency of extraversion for girls' self-perceived physical competence and general competence, and for boys' self-perceived social competence, and the saliency of neuroticism for girls' self-perceived social competence.     

Religiosity and the short-scale EPQ-R indices of E,N and L,compared with the JEPI,JEPQ and EPQ

The short-scale EPQ-R proposes 12 item indices of E, N and L. The reliability and validity of these short indices and their relationship with religiosity are explored among 181 15- and 16-yr olds in comparison with the longer scales of the EPQ, JEPQ and JEPI. The value of the short-scale EPQ-R is recommended for further research.     

A CROSS-CULTURAL STUDY OF PERSONALITY: EGYPTIAN AND ENGLISH CHILDREN*

679 Egyptian boys and 696 girls completed the Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, translated into Arabic. Factor comparisons were moderately high for extraversion and social desirability but weak for neuroticism and psychoticism. Suitable item substitution produced a scoring key resulting in adequate reliabilities with the exception of a somewhat low reliability for the boys on extraversion and low reliabilities on psychoticism for both sexes. Sex differences on means of the dimensions were as usual, boys scoring higher than girls on extraversion and psychoticism, but lower on neuroticism and social desirability. Moreover, on comparing Egyptian with English means, using scales of items in common only, the English boys and girls scored higher than their Egyptian counterparts on extraversion but significantly lower on social desirability. British boys scored higher on psychoticism than did Egyptian boys but British girls scored lower than Egyptian girls.     

The development of an abbreviated form of the revised Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (JEPQR-A) among 13–15 year olds

An abbreviated form of the Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (JEPQR), consisting of four scales of six items each, is developed from the short-form JEPQR. The internal reliability and concurrent validity of the scales of this abbreviated questionnaire are established among 1597 13–15-year-olds in Wales. The 24-item abbreviated JEPQR (JEPQR-A) is recommended as a good functional equivalent to the 48-item short-form JEPQR (JEPQR-S) in situations where it may be inappropriate to employ the longer instrument.     

A cross-cultural study of personality: Swedish and English children

Five hundred and thirty-one Swedish boys and 559 Swedish girls completed the Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (J.EPQ) translated into Swedish by the authors (A.-L.v.K. and L.v.K.). Factor comparisons indicated virtually identical factors of Psychoticism (P) Extraversion (E), Neuroticism (N) and social desirability—Lie (L)—in Sweden as in England. Slight item additions produced scales with adequate reliabilities. Sex differences were in line with most studies, i.e. boys scoring higher than girlson Psychoticism (P) but lower on Neuroticism (N) and Lie (L). Finally, the only significant cross-cultural difference between Swedish and Engish children proved to be on Neuroticism (N) where the Swedish children had much lower scores than the English children.     

Impulsiveness and antisocial behaviour in children

An Impulsiveness inventory was completed by 118 boys and 309 girls from London comprehensive schools. Of these, 101 boys and 306 girls also completed the Eysenck Junior Personality Questionnaire and an Antisocial Behaviour Scale. Intercorrelations of the scores suggest that there is a strong link between antisocial behaviour in children and impulsiveness, as well as psychoticism or toughmindedness, and a weaker link with venturesomeness, extraversion and lack of empathy. Neuroticism was only slightly implicated for girls and hardly at all for boys.     

When introverts ceased to be more religious: a study among 12‐ to 16‐year‐old pupils

A sample of 279 12‐ to 16‐year‐old pupils completed the Francis Scale of Attitude toward Christianity and the short‐form Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Revised. Contrary to the findings of research using earlier junior versions of the Eysenck scales, the data demonstrate that introverts have ceased to be more religious.     

The Lewis Counselling Inventory: Some Validity Data

The Lewis Counselling Inventory and the Junior Eysenck Personality Inventory were simultaneously administered to 606 fourth-form pupils in six secondary schools in the north-west of England. Correlations of.4 were obtained on the scores of similar scales on the t wo inventories, thus providing evidence of validity for the Lewis Counselling Inventory.     

Cross-cultural comparison of personality: Hungarian children and english children

1150 Hungarian boys and 1035 girls were given the Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire translated into Hungarian. Product-moment correlations were factored by principal components methods, rotated by Varimax and then obliquely by Promax. Thirteen extra items, added for substitution if necessary, were included in this analysis. Very close agreement between the responses of British and Hungarian children were found for the Lie or Social Desirability scale, good agreement for Extraversion but less satisfactory agreement for Neuroticism and Psychoticism items. It is argued that the strength of the Lie score could well have interfered with the true responses for the other dimensions. Means and standard deviations for British and Hungarian children are given on scales comprised of items both groups have in common on their respective scoring keys, this being the only way the means can be compared.     

Differences in personality between American and English children

One thousand and ninety-one children between the ages of 9 and 15 yr from three Tennessee schools completed the Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire and an Impulsiveness Inventory. The American children scored significantly higher on the N, P, E and Imp scales and lower on the L scale. Common trends were noted on age and sex between the American personality norms and the English norms. The results were discussed in terms of the differences in crime rate and lifestyle between the two countries. Both questionnaires were seen as useful measures of personality for children in the U.S.     

‘Faking good’ with self-reported pro-authority attitudes and behaviours among schoolchildren

This study examined the relationship between the L Scale measure of social desirability responding on the Junior Eysenck Personality Inventory and two types of measures of self-reported pro-authority tendencies among schoolchildren. One type of measure assessed attitudes and the other behaviour, each in relation to the authority of parents and teachers. Positive and, in most cases, significant correlations were found between the L Scale and both types of measures. However, as predicted, correlations with the self-reported behaviour scales were, in general, significantly higher, suggesting that attitude to authority scales are less susceptible to bias resulting from ‘faking good’.     

A cross-cultural comparison of personality: English and Austrian children

The Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire was given to 457 boys and 431 girls in Austria. Factor comparisons indicated that the dimensions of psychoticism, extraversion, neuroticism, and social desirability were identical in Austria and in England. Minimal item changes were required to produce a viable Austrian scoring key with satisfactorily high reliabilities for all dimensions except in the case of P for girls, which was somewhat weaker. Austrian norms indicated that boys score higher than girls on P and E but lower on N and L. Direct cross-cultural comparisons revealed few marked personality differences between Austrian and English children, there being a slight tendency for the former to score higher on psychoticism, extraversion and the lie scale but slightly lower on neuroticism.