PROPERTIES OF THE HOLLEY-GUILFORD 'G INDEX OF AGREEMENT' IN R AND Q FACTOR ANALYSIS

The Holley-Guilford G index for 2×2 contingency tables has spatial properties which suggest that, as with other such indices, problems may arise in factor analysis of G matrices. Two response models—Guttman's Simplex and the Coombs-Kao conjunctive case—are used to provide data for exploring the behaviour of G. In particular, the claim that G equates person means and variances in Q analysis is not substantiated.     

A Measure Of Similarity Between Individuals When Scoring Directions Of Variables Are Arbitrary

Holley and Guilford have proposed an index, G, originally intended for use in Q type factor analysis when scoring directions are arbitrary. G is appropriate for dichotomous data only. In this paper, a general measure is derived which is identical to G in the case of dichotomous data. The measure is approximately equal to the mean inter-person covariance when all permutations of scoring directions are considered. The measure is also closely connected both with component analysis of individual differences and with the condition of proportionality between two sets of observed values.     

Age-related changes in discrimination of unfamiliar odors

If odor perception involves mnemonic processes, differences in olfactory experience should affect discriminative ability. This was examined here by comparing discriminative performance in children and adults. Using an oddity test of discrimination, in Experiment 1 we tested 6-year-olds (G1), 11-year-olds (G6), and adults (A) on their ability to discriminate unfamiliar odors that varied either in quality (Q) or in quality and intensity (QI). G1 participants were poorer at discriminating the QI set, relative to G6 and A. In Experiment 2, we used an analogous visual procedure and confirmed that this age-related difference was olfactory specific. In Experiment 3, we repeated Experiment 1 but used an articulatory suppression task. G1 participants were poorer than G6 and A participants for both the Q and the QI sets. The implications of these findings for experiential accounts of odor perception and olfactory working memory are discussed.     

Visual guidance for hand advance but not hand withdrawal in a reach-to-eat task in adult humans: reaching is a composite movement

Many animal species use reaching for food to place in the mouth (reach-to-eat) with a hand, and it may be a primitive movement. Although researchers (I. Q. Whishaw, 2005; A. N. Iwaniuk & I. Q. Whishaw, 2000; M. Gentiluci, I. Toni, S. Chieffi, & G. Pavesi, 1994) have described visual guidance of reaching in both normal and brain-injured human and nonhuman primates, researchers have not described the contribution of vision during advance of the limb to grasp food and during withdrawal of the limb with food to the mouth. To evaluate visual contributions, the authors monitored eye movements in young adults as they reached for food with and without vision. Participants visually engaged the target prior to the 1st hand movement and disengaged it as the food was grasped. Visual occlusion slowed limb advance and altered digit shaping but did not affect withdrawal. The dependence on visual control of advance but not withdrawal suggests that the reach-to-eat movement is a composite of 2 basic movements under visual and tactile/proprioceptive guidance, respectively.     

A NOTE ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN Q AND R FACTORS

The relationship between Q and R factor loadings is presented, using the Guilford index of G. The transition is offered as a rationale for the use of the two factor methods in a coordinated manner. An illustrative example is presented, using hypothetical data. Finally a suggested application of the coordinated use of the two systems in the clinical area, properly justified by the rationale of the present paper, is offered.     

A factor analysis of the Stanford-Binet at four age levels

Standardization scores on the 1937 Revision of the Stanford-Binet are analyzed by the Thurstone centroid factor technique. Correlation matrices at age levels seven, nine, eleven, and thirteen, each based on two hundred subjects, are analyzed. The factors after rotation are interpreted in terms of the items exhibiting high factor saturations. In contrast to the findings of McNemar (1942) no evidence for a general factor in the Stanford-Binet battery is found in the present study. Rather, I.Q. variance can be explained in terms of psychologically meaningful group factors at the various age levels. The results indicate a need for cautious interpretation and use of single score indices of intelligence such as the Stanford-Binet I.Q.This study was accomplished in partial fulfillment of requirements for the Master of Science degree at the University of Washington, 1948. The author is greatly indebted to Dr. Lloyd G. Humphreys for suggesting the topic and for his invaluable guidance throughout the project. He is also appreciative of the cooperation of Dr. Quinn McNemar, who generously supplied the initial data and has offered helpful advice in the preparation of this paper.     

Bohm's Metaphors, Causality, and the Quantum Potential

David Bohm's interpretation of quantum mechanics yields a quantum potential, Q. In his early work, the effects of Q are understood in causal terms as acting through a real (quantum) field which pushes particles around. In his later work (with Basil Hiley), the causal understanding of Q appears to have been abandoned. The purpose of this paper is to understand how the use of certain metaphors leads Bohm away from a causal treatment of Q, and to evaluate the use of those metaphors.     

Reliability and Validity of the Gamblers Anonymous Twenty Questions

One of the earliest instruments to screen for problem gambling, the Twenty Questions (20Q), was developed within Gamblers Anonymous. This instrument has not received serious research attention, however, and its psychometric properties are generally unknown. This study reports reliability and validity data for this instrument in 3 independent samples totaling 456 participants: two samples of problem gamblers in treatment and a non-treatment sample of problem gamblers. The Twenty Questions was shown to possess high reliability as measured by Cronbach’s alpha. Concurrent, convergent and predictive validity of the 20Q supported the use of this instrument as an acceptable screening instrument. Classification analyses indicated that the 20Q is comparable to the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for pathological gambling in specificity, sensitivity and rates of false negatives and false positives. The 20Q appears to be a reliable and valid measure of problem gambling and warrants continued research attention.     

A REPLY TO JASPER HOLLEY'S DEFENSE OF THE G INDEX

Holley argues that the appearance of effects related to person means in the factor analysis of G indices is due to Levy's failure to adopt the procedure of 'double extending' the score matrix in Q analysis. Holley also points out that this same procedure has no effect upon the G indices. Therefore there is no argument and Levy's results and conclusions stand unaltered.     

A multiplicative model of the utility of survival duration and health quality

Survival duration and health quality are fundamentally important aspects of health. A utility model for survival duration and health quality is a model of the subjective value of these attributes. We investigate the hypothesis that the utility (subjective value) of survival duration and health quality is determined by a multiplicative model. According to this model, there are separate subjective scales for the utility of survival duration and health quality. If F(Y) equals the utility of surviving Y years, and G(Q) equals the utility of living in health state Q, then the multiplicative model proposes that F(Y)G(Q) equals the utility of surviving Y years in health state Q. This model provides a simple explanation for several intuitively compelling relationships. First, the distinction between better-than-death and worse-than-death health states corresponds to the assignment of positive or negative utilities to different health states. Second, a zero duration of survival removes any reason to prefer one health state over any other, just as multiplying the utility of health quality by zero eliminates differences between the utilities of different health states. Third, the subjective difference between Y years in pain and Y years free from pain increases as Y increases as if the difference in utility between pain and no pain were being multiplied by the utility of surviving Y years. A critical prediction of the multiplicative model is the hypothesis that preferences between gambles for health outcomes satisfy a property called utility independence. Individual analyses revealed that most subjects satisfy utility independence, thereby supporting the multiplicative utility model. Some subjects appear to violate a fundamental assumption of utility theory: They appear to violate the assumption that a single utility scale represents both the ordinal preference relations between certain outcomes and the subjective averaging that underlies the utility of gambles. The violation is inferred from an inconsistency between preferences for multiattribute outcomes when they are viewed as certain outcomes and when they are viewed as the outcomes of gambles.     

THE APPLICATION OF THE HARRIS BRIDGE IN THE GENERALIZATION OF THE BURT RECIPROCITY PRINCIPLE-A DEMONSTRATION STUDY

The reciprocity principle, formulated by Burt, has related the Q and R factor systems when double-centered score matrices are used. Subsequently, Burt's bridge was first generalized by Sandler for single-centered matrices, but was applicable only under restricted conditions. The present paper describes a final generalization, a transition based on correlations rather than G indices, providing for the conversion of rotated Q factors to equivalent R factors. An illustrative example is given, using hypothetical data.     

社会称许性对16PF测验因素结构的影响

本研究采用共同方法偏差控制法研究在应聘情境下,社会称许性(SD)因素是否存在于16PF测验的二级因素结构中,对人格测量产生影响,并探索SD对15个分量表的影响程度。结果表明:在应聘情境下,16PF的二级因素结构中存在SD因素,SD普遍对13个分量表有显著的影响,其中分量表C、Q4和G受到的影响较大,分量表A、E、F、M、NI、、Q1和Q2受到的影响较小。本研究为探索如何矫正SD对16PF人格测量的影响提供参考。     

认知诊断中的Q矩阵及其作用

Q矩阵作为连接认知和测量的桥梁,在认知诊断中起重要作用。本文梳理了应用Q矩阵解决认知诊断相关问题的理论与方法。首先整理Q矩阵的相关概念、算法、性质及其在认知诊断中的作用;并根据Q矩阵可计算理论构念效度、可以构成格等,指出Q矩阵是特殊的关联矩阵;接着介绍Q矩阵理论研究方面的几个近期发展;并对Q矩阵未来的应用研究作出展望。期望本文能为测量工作者更灵活地利用Q矩阵提供参考和帮助。     

认知诊断中的Q矩阵及其作用

Q矩阵作为连接认知和测量的桥梁，在认知诊断中起重要作用。本文梳理了应用Q矩阵解决认知诊断相关问题的理论与方法。首先整理Q矩阵的相关概念、算法、性质及其在认知诊断中的作用；并根据Q矩阵可计算理论构念效度、可以构成格等，指出Q矩阵是特殊的关联矩阵；接着介绍Q矩阵理论研究方面的几个近期发展；并对Q矩阵未来的应用研究作出展望。期望本文能为测量工作者更灵活地利用Q矩阵提供参考和帮助。     

Comparing 16 PF scores for two groups of offenders

The 16 PF scores for 678 male offenders in a diagnostic and receiving center were compared with scores for 891 male offenders in penal institutions by t tests for independent means. Significant differences were obtained for 13 of the 16 primaries included in the 16 PF. The Penitentiary group scored significantly higher than the Reception Center group on the primaries, A, I, L, M, O, Q1, and Q4. Conversely, the Reception Center group scored significantly higher than the Penitentiary group on the primaries, B, C, F, G, N, and Q3.     

Proof-Theoretic Modal PA-Completeness I: A System-Sequent Metric

This paper is the first of a series of three articles that present the syntactic proof of the PA-completeness of the modal system G, by introducing suitable proof-theoretic objects, which also have an independent interest. We start from the syntactic PA-completeness of modal system GL-LIN, previously obtained in [7], [8], and so we assume to be working on modal sequents S which are GL-LIN-theorems. If S is not a G-theorem we define here a notion of syntactic metric d(S, G): we calculate a canonical characteristic fomula H of S (char(S)) so that _G H (S) and _GL-LIN H, and the complexity of H gives the distance d(S, G) of S from G. Then, in order to produce the whole completeness proof as an induction on this d(S, G), we introduce the tree-interpretation of a modal sequent Q into PA, that sends the letters of Q into PA-formulas describing the properties of a GL-LIN-proof P of Q: It is also a d(*, G)-metric linked interpretation, since it will be applied to a proof-tree T of H with H = char(S) and ( H) = d(S, G).     

Curvilinearity and Religious Types: A Second Look at Intrinsic,Extrinsic, and Quest Relations

The relation between Allport's intrinsic (I) and extrinsic (E) religious orientations, although of central conceptual importance, has never been clearly demonstrated. Allport (1960, 1966) initially hypothesized I and E to be endpoints of a bipolar continuum. Allport and Ross (1967) and subsequent researchers', however, failed to find consistent evidence for an inverse linear relation. Many researchers thus concluded that I and E—and later, Batson's (1976) quest orientation (Q)—are orthogonal. Study 1 demonstrates that I, E, and Q are not orthogonal, but inversely and curvilinearity related, offering some support for the use of religious types. Study 2 demonstrates that these types differ predictably on such dimensions as impression management, self-deception, and introjective depression. Conceptual and methodological implications for the study of religious orientation are discussed.     

Book Reviews

H alsey , G. D. Training Employees.
M c N emar , Q uinn . Psychological Statistics .
A ndrews , T. G. (Ed.) Methods of Psychology.
G rimsley , G. and W ickert , F. R. Psychological Techniques in Personnel Research.
B oynton , P. W. Selecting the New Employee.
Books and Materials Received¹     

基于DINA模型的Q矩阵修正方法

本研究开发了一种基于DINA模型的认知诊断测验Q矩阵修正方法—— g 法, 为侦查并修正Q矩阵中的错误提供方法学支持, 从而为保证Q矩阵的合理性提供基础, 并为进一步提高认知诊断的准确率服务。本文采用Monte Carlo模拟及与国外同类研究相比较的方法进行, 研究发现：(1)不论在何种作答失误概率(5%, 10%, 15%)情况下, 当s,g临界值为0.2, 0.25或0.3时, 本研究提出的g 法均能有效地修正错误Q矩阵; 同时, 当Q矩阵无错误时, g 法对该Q矩阵未做任何修改。表明g 法对Q矩阵是否存在错误具有较强的识别能力及修正能力。(2)与国外同类研究相比, 本研究提出的g 法具有较理想的修正率, 且与de la Torre (2008)提出d法的修正效果相当。但相比较而言, g 法较d 法更为简单。(3) g 法不仅能有效地修正错误的Q矩阵, 而且还可以进一步提高认知诊断的正确率, 尤其是对模式判准率(PMR), 诊断正确率的最高增幅高达40%, 大大改善了认知诊断的准确率。     

NOTE ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF TESTS OF Q FACTOR ISOLATES IN THE PREDICTION OF CLINICAL CLASSES

The present paper describes two related methods of evaluating items for purposes of test construction intended to yield measures of Q -factor isolates. The principle procedure is based on the use of correlations between the items and the Q -factor loadings. Empirical studies are cited demonstrating the internal consistency and factorial stability of the constructed tests. Evidence of 'qualitative similarity' between the tests and their Q -factor equivalents is also provided.