高中生考试焦虑的团体辅导干预研究

通过对高一、高二学生被试实验组13人进行为期一周的考试焦虑团体辅导、控制组14人进行一般性团体辅导,探讨团体辅导对高中生考试焦虑水平的改善作用。结果表明,经过干预训练后,实验组被试的考试焦虑水平显著低于控制组被试、对考试重要性的认识显著优于控制组被试,但在考试策略上不存在显著差异。这意味着考试焦虑的团体辅导干预能有效地降低考试焦虑水平、提升对考试重要性的合理认识程度。     

体感游戏训练对生物运动工作记忆容量的影响

传递生物体运动信息的生物运动在工作记忆中有着独立于一般视觉客体的存储空间。尽管研究发现电子游戏训练可提高工作记忆(如一般视觉客体)容量,但尚未有研究探讨游戏训练对生物运动工作记忆容量的影响。本研究采用Kinect体感游戏训练,首次对该问题进行探讨。实验中控制组被试与实验组被试均先后做两次生物运动记忆实验,但实验组在第一次实验后进行为期14天的体感游戏训练。结果发现,尽管生物运动工作记忆绩效在后测时较前测有显著上升,但是游戏训练并未显著提高实验组的记忆绩效,说明生物运动工作记忆并不受体感交互游戏训练影响。     

不同列队呈现方式下反馈对目击证人辨认自信心的影响

采用辨认后反馈范式研究不同队列呈现方式下反馈对目击证人辨认自信心的影响。结果发现：（1）所有辨认者中,反馈组被试自信心显著高于控制组被试的自信心;反馈方式与辨认选择的交互作用显著,辨认选择与列队呈现方式的交互作用显著;（2）积极辨认者中,反馈组被试的自信心显著高于控制组被试的自信心;正确辨认被试的自信心显著高于错误辨认被试的自信心。结果表明：目击辨认中存在辨认后反馈效应;积极辨认者中辨认自信心可以作为辨认准确性的一个参考指标。     

自我语言提示与两种心理操作的实验研究

选取大学生被试108名,用实验的方式研究了自我语言提示对情绪和记忆意向两种心理操作的影响。实验被试分3组,两个实验组和一个控制组。实验1组被试使用积极的自我语言提示,实验2组使用消极的自我语言提示,控制组使用中性语言提示,结果发现,实验1组和实验2组在情绪和记忆意向方面存在显著差异,三组的总体差异极显著,说明语言提示对被试的两种心理操作有显著的影响效果。     

应用题结构分析训练对提高小学生解题能力的实验研究

实验以小学四年级学生为被试,采用完全随机化等组设计。实验组采用应用题结构分析训练教学模式,控制组在同等时间内,采用常规教学模式作相同的习题练习。实验结果表明：（１）应用题结构分析训练可显著提高小学生解应用题的能力,中等生受益最大;（２）该模式训练效果与学生的智力水平呈中等程度正相关;（３）学生对该训练模式持肯定态度,反应积极。     

主动建构学习策略和自信的实验研究

目的:通过开设心理健康教育课,促进学生学习策略和自信心的形成。方法:采用问卷法和实验干预法对某中学初一学生进行为期八周的实验干预。结果:实验组学生在学习策略、自信方面的提高水平高于对照组学生,在自信方面,两组学生之间存在明显差异。结论:正确的学习策略和自信心可以主动建构。     

应用题结构分析训练对提高小学生解题能力的实验研究

实验以小学四年级学生为被试,采用完全随机化等设计。实验组采用应用题结构分析训练教学模式,控制组在同等时间内,采用常规教学模式作相同的习题练习。     

构思策略教学改善小学写困生故事文质量的实验研究

采用实验组、控制组前后测实验设计,运用SRSD策略教学模式,对23名小学写困生进行构思策略的训练。实验结果表明,在训练之前,实验组与控制组学生在故事文的长度、6项分质量指标及总体质量上的得分差异均不显著;但在接受策略教学后,实验组学生所写的后测故事文在情节吸引力、条理清晰度和总体质量上的平均得分均显著优于控制组学生,其总体质量的改善效应为0.80。因此,构思策略的教学能显著改善小学写困生的故事文写作质量。     

青少年依恋环境的情绪启动和注意恢复功能

以往研究发现自然环境能激发个体积极情绪,恢复集中注意。当个体对自然环境的依恋程度不同时,环境的情绪启动和注意恢复功能是否存在差异?研究以96名初一学生为被试考察地方依恋对环境的情绪和注意恢复作用是否产生影响。根据被试对某自然环境的依恋水平将其分为高依恋和低依恋组,并在被试参加情绪启动实验(实验1)和集中注意实验(实验2)时将其分为实验组和控制组以考察对环境依恋水平不同的被试观看该环境图片后情绪启动和注意恢复状况是否存在差异。实验1显示低依恋实验组对厌恶的反应时显著短于其他三组;实验2结果表明高依恋实验组被试在观看自然环境图片后在注意后测任务上的反应时显著短于低依恋实验组和控制组。     

心理旋转训练对5~6岁儿童空间能力和数学能力的影响

采用2（时间：前测/后测）×2（分组：实验组/控制组）的两因素混合实验设计,考察心理旋转游戏训练对5~6岁儿童空间及数学能力的影响。基于心理旋转的可塑性以及空间能力与数学能力之间的密切关系设计心理旋转干预方案,将36名被试分为实验组和控制组进行为期8周共24次的干预研究。研究结果表明：（1）空间能力与数学能力之间显著正相关;（2）心理旋转游戏有效地提高了5~6岁儿童的空间能力和数学能力,该训练方案具有良好的即时效果。     

The effects of metacognitive training on the academic achievement and happiness of Esfahan University conditional students

Although the current literature supports the effectiveness of metacognition as a learning strategy, little is known about the effects of metacognition on academic achievement and happiness. This study analyzed the effectiveness of training metacognition on the academic achievement and happiness of Esfahan University conditional students. Conditional students are the students whose averages are lower than 12 (12 out of 20). After three times of becoming conditional they are expelled from university. The sample consisted of 60 once-conditional female students. They were randomly selected and allocated to an experimental group and a control group. The independent variable was the metacognitive training sessions performed in the experimental group. The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire scores and the students’ second semester average scores in 2003–2004 were dependent variables. The study predicted that training in metacognition should have positive effects on the academic achievement and that it would increase students’ happiness. The results suggested that metacognitive training had increased the academic achievement average of the experimental group. Similarly, metacognitive training had increased the happiness scores average of the experimental group.     

Increasing positive self-referent statements to improve self-esteem in low-income elementary school children

The purpose of this study was to increase verbalization of positive self-referent statements in an effort to increase corresponding self-esteem scores. A total of 30 children from 10 elementary school classes were divided into an experimental group, a control group, and an inventory group. All children received pre- and post-experiment administration of the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory. The experimental group received teacher praise contingent upon verbalizing positive self-referent statements. Control group students from these same classes received no praise for their statements. Inventory group students were from different classrooms and only took the Coopersmith Inventory. Results showed that experimental group students made significantly more positive self-referent statements than control students. Self-esteem scores for experimental group students were significantly higher than scores for control and inventory students.     

EQUIVALENCE CLASS FORMATION: A METHOD FOR TEACHING STATISTICAL INTERACTIONS

Many students struggle with statistical concepts such as interaction. In an experimental group, participants took a paper‐and‐pencil test and then were given training to establish equivalent classes containing four different statistical interactions. All participants formed the equivalence classes and showed maintenance when probes contained novel negative exemplars. Thereafter, participants took a second paper‐and‐pencil test. Participants in the control group received two versions of the paper‐and‐pencil test without equivalence‐based instruction. All participants in the experimental group showed increased paper‐and‐pencil test scores after forming the interaction‐indicative equivalence classes. Class‐indicative responding also generalized to novel exemplars and the novel question format used in the paper‐and‐pencil test. Test scores did not change with repetition for control group participants. Implications for behavioral diagnostics and teaching technology are discussed.     

Inward and outward irritability in the suicidally inclined

A questionnaire to measure inward irritability and outward irritability was given to college students. Inward irritability scores correlated .27 with outward irritability scores. Those students who had attempted suicide had high inward irritability scores; those who had threatened suicide had high inward and outward irritability scores. Results supported the proposition that some suicidal people may have higher levels of outwardly directed anger than nonsuicidal people.     

Improving the test-taking skills of learning-disabled students

16 learning-disabled second- and third-grade students were matched on previous years' achievement scores and grade and assigned at random to experimental and control conditions. Students in the experimental condition were given 8 20-min. sessions of training in test-taking skills particular to the Stanford Achievement Test. Analysis of test scores indicated trained students scored significantly higher on one subtest of a shortened version of the test than students who had not been trained.     

Mechanisms underlying the self-talk–performance relationship: The effects of motivational self-talk on self-confidence and anxiety

ObjectivesThe present study examined the effects of motivational self-talk on self-confidence, anxiety, and task performance in young athletes.MethodsParticipants were 72 tennis players. The experiment was conducted in five sessions: baseline assessment, three training sessions, and final assessment. After the baseline assessment participants were divided and assigned randomly into experimental and control groups. The two groups followed the same training program with the experimental group practicing the use of self-talk. In the last session, the final assessment took place. A forehand drive test was used to evaluate task performance, and the Competitive Anxiety Inventory-2R was used to assess self-confidence and anxiety.ResultsA two-way mixed model MANOVA revealed that task performance improved for the experimental group (p < .01) and remained stable for the control group; self-confidence increased (p < .01) and cognitive anxiety decreased (p < .05) for the experimental group, whereas no changes were observed for the control group. Correlation analysis revealed that changes in task performance were moderately related to changes in self-confidence (p < .05).ConclusionsThe results of the study showed that self-talk can enhance self-confidence and reduce cognitive anxiety. Furthermore, it is suggested that increases in self-confidence can be regarded as a viable function explaining the facilitating effects of self-talk on performance.     

Effectiveness of a mental training program for novice scuba divers

Abstract

The purpose of the study was to assess the effects of a mental training program on state anxiety, respiration rate and performance of novice scuba divers. Forty-four participants enrolled in novice open water diving courses served as participants. An intervention group (n = 15), in addition to scuba training, received an audiotaped mental training program designed to reduce anxiety and improve diving performance. A placebo-control group (n = 15) followed the same procedures except that their audiotape contained general information about scuba diving. A control group (n = 14) received only scuba training. The intervention group reported lower pre-dive scores for cognitive anxiety, higher pre-dive scores for self-confidence, performed better on bail-out and mask removal tasks, and showed lower respiration rate than either control group. Respiration rate and somatic anxiety scores significantly predicted bail-out performance. Respiration rate also predicted mask removal performance. These results suggest that novice divers may benefit from mental training as part of their pre-dive instruction.     

正念认知疗法对手机依赖大学生的干预效果*

使用SAS和MPAI量表从820名被试中筛选出60名被试随机分配到实验组和对照组进行实验研究。预期通过正念认知疗法对手机依赖进行干预以降低大学生手机依赖程度。结果发现:实验组被试在接受正念认知疗法为期4周8次的团体辅导训练后,手机依赖总分、失控性、戒断性和逃避性因子得分与对照组相比显著降低,正念水平显著提高。结果表明正念认知疗法对个体的手机依赖的干预效果明显。