功能性消化不良的生理病理和心理社会因素研究

功能性消化不良 (FunctionalDyspepsia,FD)在以前有很多的定义和命名 ,如原发性消化不良、非器质性消化不良等。1999年 ,罗马委员会经过多次会议 ,制定了胃肠功能紊乱的诊断标准 ,该标准被称为罗马Ⅱ标准[1] ,使世界各国对此有一个共识 ,有助于诊断的规范和国际交流。FD的诊断标准是 :持续或反复发作的上腹正中的疼痛或不适症状在近 12个月内至少出现 12周 ,无需连续 ;无器质性疾病可解释的症状以及症状与排便无关。按FD的临床表现 ,可将之归入中医学“痞满”、“胃痛”、“胃缓”等证范畴 [2 ] 。FD是常见病 ,其发病机制目前还不完全清…     

异常心理病理机制的哲学思考

通过现代心理学、异常心理学、心理哲学及分子生物学的研究成果对异常心理病理机制的哲学分析,探讨异常心理病理机制的哲学本质.异常心理同正常心理一样不仅有自然物质世界的各种特性,还有许多自然物质世界不具有的高级和复杂特性.异常心理病理机制的哲学本质是它的意义世界和价值世界.     

心理学视角下的医患关系

医患关系是医患双方心理及行为的交往和互动关系。其个体心理属性包涵双方的性格、情感、动机、期望及行为方式。影响医患关系的社会心理因素主要是医患双方角色意识的差异与归因偏差、医患双方的认知心理偏差及社会舆论的心理导向作用。从心理建设的角度,提出了构建和谐医患关系的措施。     

进化心理学思维方式的变革及其意义

南京师范大学心理学研究所,南京 210097     

"精英症候群":社会病理分析及对策 --医学社会学的解释视角

转型期中国社会的精英群体普遍面临着身体与精神的双重危机.从医学社会学的独特解释视角来看,这一非正常的"精英症候群"实质上是反复循环状态下生产与再生产的一种"社会病".在社会病理分析的基础上,从社会结构、社会评价体系、预防与保障机制诸方面为"精英症候群"会诊.     

“精英症候群”:社会病理分析及对策——医学社会学的解释视角

转型期中国社会的精英群体普遍面临着身体与精神的双重危机。从医学社会学的独特解释视角来看,这一非正常的“精英症候群”实质上是反复循环状态下生产与再生产的一种“社会病”。在社会病理分析的基础上,从社会结构、社会评价体系、预防与保障机制诸方面为“精英症候群”会诊。     

延长哀伤障碍的概念、流行病学和病理机制

延长哀伤障碍是一种由亲近的人去世引发的病理性哀伤反应, 即死亡发生6个月后, 个体对死者的想念影响到了生活各方面, 且社会功能受损, 其最近20年才开始受到临床心理学研究者关注和探讨。本文首先回顾了概念提出及后续发展, 并讨论了其与持续性复杂哀伤相关障碍的区别与联系。随后, 本文综述了其独立的诊断标准、评估工具和流行病学调查、以及与正常哀伤、抑郁症和创伤后应激障碍的区别。接下来, 本文对其病理机制的理论思考和实证研究进行了讨论。最后, 本文指出未来可考察诊断标准的跨文化适用性、丰富病理机制的理论与研究。     

斯洛特的美德伦理学及其心理学预设

作为当代美德伦理学界的重要思想者,迈克尔·斯洛特的美德理论典型地代表了美德伦理学对道德心理问题的重视.依据斯洛特的新近作品与思想发展,本文对斯洛特的两种理论,即,常识美德伦理学和基于行为者的美德伦理学分别予以分析和评论,并具体揭示了其背后的心理学预设及叙述.斯洛特的美德理论及其心理学基础向我们突出了道德心理问题的重要性,展示了美德伦理学关注人的内在品质和动机的显著特征.     

Social Psychological Models of Choice Behavior and Drivers' Left Turns

Abstract

The authors reanalyzed data from a simulated left-turn experiment (P. A. Hancock, J. K. Caird, S. Shekhar, & M. Vercruyssen, 1991) to test the adequacy of the nonlinear Gray-Tallman satisfaction balance model of choice behavior (L. N. Gray & I. Tallman, 1984) in predicting left turns. Participants (Hancock et al., 1991) were 40 experienced U.S. drivers who were exposed to simulated oncoming traffic; the size of the vehicle (motorcycle, compact vehicle, full-sized vehicle, delivery truck), its speed (10-70 mph, or 16-112 kmph), and the intervehicle time gap (3-9 s) varied. Hancock et al. (1991) measured (a) the likelihood of a left turn and (b) the occurrence of a collision. The probability of a left turn was greater for larger intervehicle time gaps and for oncoming smaller vehicles traveling at higher speeds. The Gray-Tallman (1984) model explained 69% of the variation in turning versus 57% for a linear regression model. In making decisions people tend to treat the values and costs affecting choices in a multiplicative, rather than linear, fashion. The Gray-Tallman model also has the potential for incorporating, both theoretically and mathematically, an unlimited range of potential values and costs that may influence left turn decisions.     

Mechanisms of Empowerment: Psychological Processes for Members of Power-based Community Organizations

The paper reports a study of participatory experiences among members of power-based community organizations. A path model of psychological empowerment was tested. Perceived relational characteristics of the community organization were hypothesized as exogenous to participation, perceived organizational power and psychological empowerment. An alternative model was reproduced with the strongest relationships between perceived organizational intimacy and psychological empowerment and an inverse relationship between perceived organizational regulation and perceptions of organizational power.     

Optimizing Exposure Therapy for Pathological Health Anxiety: Considerations From the Inhibitory Learning Approach

Exposure therapy has demonstrated its efficacy in the treatment of pathological health anxiety—however, psychotherapy research reveals that many patients do not show a clinically significant change. Therefore, improvements are necessary to optimize psychotherapy for pathological health anxiety. Most treatment rationales refer to habituation during exposure as the central mechanism of change. However, there is evidence that extinction learning is mediated by inhibitory learning processes. Targeting these processes may help to improve treatment outcomes in pathological health anxiety. The aim of this review was to adapt, from the inhibitory learning approach and empirical findings, the most promising strategies for the exposure-based treatment of pathological health anxiety. The exposure-optimizing strategies adapted are expectancy violation, combination, variability in contexts and stimuli, affect labeling, and removal of safety signals. A case example illustrates how to implement these methods for patients with pathological health anxiety.     

哲学视域中的疼

疼是在特定情境下的世界对人作用时产生的否定性感受,也是人所呈现出来的一种世界对人的意味。疼具有切己性、返身性。在儒家思想史上,疼曾被视作为礼、仁、良知辩护的基石。在日常生活中,疼则被拿来进行自我确证。有了疼的经验,才能理解疼的现象,才能理解人情世界。疼人者为他人疼,能暂时超越自我而心系他人,并能在疼的驱动下诉诸行动而解除他人之疼。由疼确立的关系既高尚又真切,疼与所疼乃真正的一体。由此看,与天地万物一体实在是一个不易达到的境界。     

Dogmatism,Religion, and Psychological Type

A sample of 422 female undergraduate students, attending a university-sector college in Wales specialising in teacher education and liberal arts subjects, completed the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator together with the Troldahl-Powell Dogmatism Scale. The data demonstrated that higher dogmatism scores are most clearly associated with sensing rather than intuition. Higher dogmatism scores are also associated with extraversion rather than introversion, and with judging rather than perceiving. No significant difference in dogmatism scores were found between thinking and feeling.     

The Influence of Perceived Versus Aerobic Fitness on Psychological Health and Physiological Stress Responsivity

This study sought to evaluate the association between perceived and aerobic physical fitness and both psychological functioning and physiological stress responsivity. Sixty nonsymptomatic participants (30 males, 30 females) participated in the experiment. Participants completed a series of personality and mood questionnaires as well as a laboratory procedure measuring cardiovascular responses (i.e., heart rate and blood pressure) while performing stressful laboratory tasks (i.e., the Stroop Color Naming Test and a sham IQ test). Aerobic fitness (i.e., VO ₂ max using the Bruce protocol) as well as perceived fitness were also determined. Results suggest that perceived fitness was generally associated with positive personality and mood variables while aerobic fitness was not. Overall results support the view that perception of fitness may be as important or perhaps even more important than aerobic fitness in its association with psychological but perhaps not physical functioning.     

心理特权:概念、测量及相关研究

心理特权是指一种感到有权利获得优待、被豁免社会责任的稳定而普遍的主观信念或知觉,在不同的领域可以表现为学业特权感、消费者特权感、职场特权感等。心理特权能够使个体变得自恋,诱发人际冲突、自私行为和攻击行为等。影响心理特权的因素主要有生活经历、教养方式、依恋类型、社会经济地位、组织环境等情境因素和自我同情、主观建构、平等主义价值观等个体因素。未来研究应深入探究心理特权的概念与结构,拓展其研究方法,强化纵向研究以及本土化研究,并进一步探究影响心理特权的可能因素和避免(或减弱)心理特权消极后果的方法。     

时间洞察力的心理结构、特征及研究焦点

概述了五种有关时间洞察力心理结构的观点：二因素、三因素、四因素、五因素和综合的观点;较详细地说明了时间洞察力的心理特征;并对时间洞察力的研究焦点做了总结;最后指出了以前研究中存在的问题和时间洞察力的未来研究方向。     

Psychological empowerment: Issues and illustrations

Discussed several issues related to psychological empowerment. The thesis of this paper is that the development of a universal and global measure of psychological empowerment may not be a feasible or appropriate goal. I begin by distinguishing between empowerment processes and outcomes. Underlying assumptions are discussed including the notion that empowerment differs across people, contexts, and times. A nomological network that includes intrapersonal, interactional, and behavioral components is also presented. Two examples of psychological empowerment for voluntary service organization members and members of a mutual help organization are described to help illustrate differences in the specific variables that may be used to measure psychological empowerment in different populations and settings. I thank Deborah A. Salem for her thoughtful comments on earlier drafts of this paper and for her persistence in pushing me to strengthen the ideas presented. I also thank Douglas Perkins, Julian Rappaport, David Altman, and James G. Kelly for their very helpful comments. They helped me articulate my ideas more carefully and clearly.     

Psychological Research, Practice, and Production: The Occupational Stress Problem

The accumulation of research findings now suggest a significant work stress problem, with implications for worker health, motivation and productivity, that warrants a concerted applied research effort at a local level and a strategy and policy response at a national level. Psychologists need to rethink prevailing paradigms that often separate their research and practice. We argue that a conducive production model that emphasizes action and knowledge, and reciprocal learning between academia, practitioners, and organizations may be the way forward for psychologists to respond effectively to the current work stress problems and other emergent organizational issues. Failure to do so may result in exacerbation of problems related to the psychological and social context of work, a slowed response to increased demands, and an ever decreasing practical utility of the profession.